ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ -- ᠲᠤᠰᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠤᠪ 2.2 ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ .pptx

,ᠲᠤᠰᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠤᠪ 2: ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯᠳ᠋ᠠ,ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠤᠪ 2 ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠵᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ,ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠬᠤ,美国黄石国家公园的一个热泉,ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠰᠪᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ Taq ( Thermus aquaticus ) ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠰᠪᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠᠢ Taq DNA ᠵᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠯᠠᠮᠡᠯ ᠢᠰᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠷᠥᠺ 布鲁克（T.Brock) 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃,ᠠᠮᠸᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ,ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠷᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ --3 KH2PO4 1.4g Na2HPO4 2.1g MgSO4•7H2O 0.2g ᠦᠵᠦᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ 10.0g ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠳ᠋ 1.0g ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠴᠠᠪᠠᠤ 15.0g,ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠷᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ --2 KH2PO4 3g MgSO4•7H2O 3g NaNO3 2g ᠦᠵᠦᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ 10.0g ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠳ᠋ 3.0g ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠴᠠᠪᠠᠤ 15.0g,ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠷᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ --1 KH2PO4 3g Na2HPO4 1.4g NaNO3 2g MgSO4•7H2O 3g ᠦᠵᠦᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ 10.0g ᠴᠠᠷᠴᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠴᠠᠪᠠᠤ 15.0g,,ᠰᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋᠄ ᠣᠨᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠵᠦᠪᠰᠢᠶᠠᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠦ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋,C ᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ,ᠴᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ N ᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ,ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ,ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠄ ᠴᠢᠰᠦᠨ ᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠰᠦ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠰᠦ ᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠤ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ᠂ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠪᠠ ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠷᠳᠠᠢ᠃,ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠄ ᠲᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ,ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ → ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠷᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ 30～300 ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠵᠢ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃,2. ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ,ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ- ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠰ ᠡᠴᠠ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠨᠦᠳᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠦᠷᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠡᠰ→ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ,ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠤᠨᠤᠪᠴᠢᠳᠠᠢ,ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ1 ᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ,ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ 3 ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠶ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠬᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠨᠣᠪᠴᠢᠲᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠪᠰᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠭᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠬᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠶ᠂ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠲᠠᠶ᠃,ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ,ᠭᠷᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ,C ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ Vᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦᠨ M ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ,ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠭᠤᠰᠢᠳᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶᠠᠳᠠ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠳᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠡᠰ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠬᠡᠷᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠢ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃,ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ A ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ 106 ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ 234 ᠂ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠠᠶ ᠬᠠᠪᠲᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠨᠢ 0.1ml ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠷᠠᠮ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠄,2.34×106 2.34×109 234 23.4,B,ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠢᠯᠠᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠵᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃,ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠄ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ A ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠶ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠨᠢ A ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠶ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ A ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ; ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠣᠯ A ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠯ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠄ A ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠬᠢᠷᠲᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃,ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠷᠢᠯᠡᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ,ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠡᠳᠬᠡᠶ᠎ᠠ︕,1. ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ,2. ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ,3. ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ,,,,,,,,,,234,162,,≈9.27×107,CO(NH2)2+H2O CO2+2NH3,ᠰᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠰᠭᠡᠭᠦᠷ,ᠰᠢᠪᠳᠤᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠯᠵᠤ PH ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃,ᠹᠧᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢPH ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠶᠠᠰ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃,ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠠᠯᠳᠡ,(ᠨᠢᠭᠡ) ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠬᠤ,(ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ) ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ,ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠥᠭᠦ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ,(ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ) ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠷᠢᠯᠡᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ,ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠢᠯᠠᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠵᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃,