ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ 1221–1410

THE MONGOLS AND THE WEST, 1221–1410 The Medieval World Series editor: Julia Smith, University of St Andrews Alfred the Great The Age of Robert Guiscard Richard Abels Graham Loud The Western Mediterranean Kingdom The English Church, 940–1154 David Abulafia H.R. Loyn The Cathars Justinian Malcolm Barber J. Moorhead The Godwins Ambrose Frank Barlow John Moorhead Philip Augustus The Reign of Richard Lionheart Jim Bradbury Ralph Turner / Richard Heiser Medieval Canon Law The Welsh Princes J.A. Brundage Roger Turvey Crime in Medieval Europe English Noblewomen in the Later Trevor Dean Middle Ages J. Ward Charles I of Anjou Jean Dunbabin The Fourth Crusade Michael Angold The Age of Charles Martel Paul Fouracre The Mongols and the West Peter Jackson Margery Kempe A.E. Goodman Bastard Feudalism M. Hicks The Formation of English Common Law John Hudson Cnut K. LawsonTHE MONGOLS AND THE WEST, 1221–1410 PETER JACKSONThe right of Peter Jackson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the west, 1221–1410 / Peter Jackson. p. cm. — ︵The medieval world︶ Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–582–36896–0 1. Mongols — History. I. Title. II. Series. DS19.J32 2005 951′.025 — dc22 2004059429 Set in 10.5/13pt Galliard by 35 First published 200 5 by Pearson Education Limited Published 201 4 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor Prester John, ‘Sir John Mandeville’, Gog and Magog. With skilful analysis, sensitive scholarship and wry humour, Jackson locates their actions – or stories about their actions – in a world characterized by the immense difficulty of long distance travel. It is a world of challenges: those facing nomads as they sought pasturage for their horses in the Syrian desert, the linguistic difficulties to be surmounted by Italian friars trying to preach Christian- ity to speakers of Turkish and Mongolian, the efforts of scholars in quiet European libraries trying to make sense of the limited information and mass of hearsay about the world beyond their direct experience. This is a story of the adjustments of reality to imagination – and of imagination to reality – on a vast geographical canvas, a story Peter Jackson tells with immense learning and deep humanity. I welcome it for that very reason. Julia M.H. SmithThis page intentionally left blank·︔ xi ·︔ PREFACE Three fortunate circumstances are responsible for the fact that this book has not taken rather longer to appear in print. The first is the enthusi- astic response in 1997 of Andrew MacLennan, at that time History editor for Longman, to the information that I was contemplating a book on the Mongols and the Latin West. Andrew’s support at an early stage was instrumental in persuading me to undertake to write the book. I am also grateful to his successor, Heather MacCallum, for her sustained interest in the manuscript and for seeing the finished product into the first stages of publication. Secondly, the Institute for Advanced Study at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem offered me a Visiting Fellowship for six months in 2000, when I participated in a workshop on ‘Turco-Mongolian Nomads and their relations with China and Iran’, jointly chaired by Dr ︵now Pro- fessor︶ Reuven Amitai and Dr Michal Biran. The opportunity to work alongside colleagues in my own and closely related fields was invaluable, and my wife and I both still recall with warm appreciation the hospitable welcome we received in a Jerusalem that was then a happier place than it has become in more recent years. The third fortunate circumstance was the award of a Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship for the period from October 2000 to Sep- tember 2003, which provided my department with full-time replacement teaching and was accompanied by a substantial sum for research travel. Nobody who has worked within a UK university over the past twenty years can have any illusions about the difficulty of reading, thinking and writing without being exempt from teaching and administration over a sustained period. It is a pleasure to be able to express my gratitude to the Leverhulme Trust in this preface. I have also accumulated many other debts. Thanks are due to the inter-library loans section of Keele University Library for obtaining for me numerous books and articles over the years. I am also grateful for the assistance of the staff of Cambridge University Library and of the Seeley Historical Library, Cambridge︔ the British Library, and the Libraries of the Institute of Historical Research and of the Warburg Institute, in London︔ the National Archives ︵formerly the Public Record Office︶ , Kew︔ the Bodleian Library︔ the John Rylands University Library of Manchester︔ ·︔ xii ·︔ the Sydney Jones Library, University of Liverpool︔ the Bibliothè︔ que Nationale and the Archives Nationales, Paris︔ the Bibliotheek te Rijksuni- versiteit Leiden︔ Innsbruck Universitä︔ tsbibliothek︔ Universitä︔ tsbibliothek Graz︔ Magyar Orszá︔ gos Levé︔ ltá︔ r ︵Hungarian National Archives︶ and Orszá︔ gos Szé︔ ché︔ nyi Kö︔ nyvtá︔ r ︵Szé︔ ché︔ nyi National Library︶ , Budapest︔ and Wroc4aw University Library. In addition, I greatly appreciated the promptness and courtesy of Dr Rudolf Lindpointner, of the Oberö︔ ster- reichische Landesbibliothek ︵formerly Studentbibliothek︶ , Linz, in send- ing me a digitized image of the ms. 446, fo. 267vb ︵the report of the Russian ‘archbishop’ Peter︶︔ of Herr Jens Altena, of the Niedersä︔ chsische Staats- und Universitä︔ tsbibliothek Gö︔ ttingen, in supplying me with a printout of ms. 4 Hist. 61, pp. 276–301 ︵Carpini’s Ystoria Mongalorum︶︔ and of Herr Hans Stein, of the Forschungs- und Landesbibliothek Gotha, for providing a printout of ms. Orient. A1559 ︵the first section of al-JazarÇ︔ ’s Õ︔ awÖ︔ dith al-zamÖ︔ n︶ . I should also like to acknowledge here the kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge to reproduce an illustration from ms. 16 ︵Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora︶ in the Parker Library. For the production of the maps I am indebted to my colleague, Andrew Lawrence, in the Keele University Digital Imaging/Illustration Services. I have benefited greatly from the opportunity to try out parts of this book at seminars and conferences. Professor David Cannadine, then Director of the Institute for Historical Research, invited me to read what proved to be a remote forebear of chapter 6 as a plenary lecture at the 68th Anglo-American Conference of Historians, where the theme was ‘Race and Ethnicity’, in June 1999. Subsequently I was given the chance to experiment with the material now in chapter 10, both in Jerusalem in March 2000 and at the Conference on ‘Conversion: a Medieval and Early Modern Experience’, at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, in May 2001. An early draft of chapter 12 was read as an inaugural lecture at Keele University in January 2002, and I profited a great deal from the questions and comments of my colleagues. I am grateful, lastly, to Professor Jonathan Riley-Smith for inviting me to deliver a version of chapter 8 to the Seminar on the History of the Crusades and the Latin East in Cambridge in November 2002. A number of other historians have helped me in various ways. Pro- fessor Peter Hoppenbrouwers, of the Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, kindly sent me a number of references to the Mongols in medieval sources from the Netherlands, which would otherwise certainly have escaped my notice. Professor Nicola Di Cosmo, of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, generously provided me with the texts of two as yet unpublished conference papers. In addition, Reuven Amitai, Michal Biran, PREFACE·︔ xiii ·︔ Ann Fielding and Noreen Giffney each supplied me with valuable refer- ences. I received help from various experts on medieval Hungarian history, a field into which I was venturing for the first time: Dr Nora Berend, of St Catherine’s College, Cambridge︔ Dr Nagy Balá︔ zs, of the Central European University, Budapest︔ and Dr Zsoldos Attila, of the Historical Institute in Budapest. Three scholars have been good enough to read some or all of the book. Professor Tina Endicott read early drafts of chapters 1 and 2, and Dr Anthony Luttrell a draft of chapter 9. Professor David Morgan read a penultimate draft of the whole book on behalf of the press. I am grateful to all three for offering suggestions and for saving me from a number of errors. Naturally, I alone merit the obloquy directed at any faults that have survived their criticism. The role of intelligent lay critic was filled admirably by my father-in-law, Tom Oswald, who read and commented on chapters 1 and 2, and by my wife, who read the entire manuscript. Without her untiring support, indeed, this book would not have been written. I dedicate it to her with love and gratitude. Peter Jackson Keele June 2004 PREFACEThis page intentionally left blank·︔ xv ·︔ ABBREVIATIONS AAS Asian and African Studies ︵Haifa︶ AE Odoricus Raynaldus et al., eds, Annales ecclesiastici, 34 vols ︵Lucca, 1738–59︶ AEMA Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi AF Asiatische Forschungen AFH Archivum Franciscanum Historicum AFP Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum AHR American Historical Review AK Archiv fü︔ r Kulturgeschichte AKO Imre Szentpé︔ tery and Ivá︔ n Borsa, eds, Az Á︔ rpá︔ d-há︔ zi kirá︔ lyok okleveleinek kritikai jegyzé︔ ke. Regesta regum stirpis Arpadianae critico-diplomatica, 2 vols in 5 parts ︵Budapest, 1923–87︶ AM Henry Richards Luard, ed., Annales monastici, RS, 5 vols ︵London, 1864–9︶ AN Archives Nationales, Paris AO Imre Nagy and Gyula Tasnadi Nagy, eds, Anjoukori okmá︔ nytá︔ r. 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