ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠢ᠄ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ᠂ ᠱᠦᠯᠲᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ 第10单元内容概括.pptx

ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠢ᠄ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ᠂ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ᠂ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ,,⒈ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ , ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ , ᠶᠡᠷᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠰᠣᠳᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠭ᠍ᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ ,CH3COOH,HCI,H2SO4,H2CO3, ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ,,HNO3,,⒉ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ , ᠦᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ , ᠣᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠣᠩᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ , ᠦᠨᠣᠷ , ᠨᠢᠬᠳᠠᠴᠠ , ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ , ᠭᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ , ᠴᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠳᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠩᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠣ , ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠣᠨ᠎ᠡ , ᠰᠡᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ , ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠳᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ︵37% ~ 38%︶ 1.19g/cm3, ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠰᠣᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠣ , ᠠᠮᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ , ᠦᠨᠣᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ , ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠳᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ︵98%︶ 1.84g/cm3, ᠲᠡᠭᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ,,⒉ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠤᠳ᠄ , ︵1︶ ᠣᠰᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠦᠳᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠨᠢᠬᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ , ᠦᠳᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ , ᠦᠳᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ , ᠲᠩᠳᠡᠮᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ , ᠦᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠦᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ,, ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ᠄ ,⒊ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ᠄ ,, ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ H ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ᠂ H2 ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ , ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠰᠦᠮᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ ,Mg +2HCI MgCI2+H2,Zn+2HCI ZnCI2+H2,Fe + 2HCI FeCI2+H2,Mg +H2SO4 MgSO4+H2,Zn+H2SO4 ZnSO4+H2,Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4+H2,Fe2+, ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ , ︵ᠭᠦᠢᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ︶ ,Fe2O3 + 6HCI 2FeCI3 + 3H2O,Fe2O3 +3H2SO4 Fe2 ︵SO4︶ 3+ 3H2O,Fe3+, ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ ,,⒋ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ,,NaOH KOH Ca ︵OH︶ 2 Al ︵OH︶ 3,, ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠶᠣᠨᠵᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠄ , ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠣᠨ᠄ , ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠢᠶᠣᠨ᠄ ,Na+,OH-,K+,Ca2+,Al3+,OH-,OH-,OH-,, ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ,,⒌ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ︵1︶ , ᠣᠰᠣᠮᠠᠬᠳᠣ ᠨᠠᠲᠷᠢ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠭ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠨᠠᠲᠷᠢ᠂ ᠢᠳᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠣ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ , ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ , ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ , ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠣᠯᠳᠠ , ᠣᠰᠣᠮᠠᠬᠳᠣ ᠨᠠᠳ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠦᠯᠣᠪ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠬᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ , ᠣᠰᠣᠮᠠᠬᠳᠣ ᠨᠠᠳ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠮᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠪᠠᠭ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ , ᠣᠰᠣᠮᠠᠬᠳᠣ ᠨᠠᠳ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠣᠰᠣ ᠰᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠭᠤ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠭᠤ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠷᠢᠵᠣ ᠦᠵᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ , ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠣ , ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠭᠢᠭᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠭᠤᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ , ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ , ᠠᠮᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠣᠰᠣ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ , ᠣᠰᠣᠮᠠᠬᠳᠣ ᠨᠠᠳ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠢᠯᠴᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ ,,⒍ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ︵2︶ , ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠡ 10 6, ᠦᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠦᠯᠣᠪ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ , ᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ , ᠲᠣᠩᠭᠠᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠮᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ CO2 ᠢ ᠨᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠦ , ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ , ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠨᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢᠳᠣ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠣ , ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠣ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠮᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢᠷᠳᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ︵ᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠣᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃︶ , ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ , ᠤᠰᠣᠮᠠᠬᠳᠣ ᠺᠠᠯᠼ , ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠬᠤᠢ , ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ,Ca ︵OH︶ 2,,⒎ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ , ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ,Ca ︵OH︶ 2+CO2 CaCO3 + H2O, ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠢᠰᠦᠮᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ,, ᠲᠤᠩᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠩᠭᠢᠷᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠭᠡᠯ᠄ , ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ ︵ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ CO2 ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃︶ ,2 NaOH+CO2 Na2CO3+H2O,,⒏ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ , ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ,, ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ , ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ , ᠹᠧᠨᠣᠯᠹᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠧᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠮᠠᠯ , ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ , ᠭᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ ᠯᠠᠺᠮᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠮᠠᠯ , ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠹᠧᠨᠣᠯᠹᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠧᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠣᠮᠠᠯ , ᠭᠦᠴᠢᠯ , ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠣ , ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ , ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ , ᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ , ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ,酸红碱蓝 酸不变碱红,,⒐ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠴᠡ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦᠴᠡ ,,PH ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠯ ,PH ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ 0 14,PH7 ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ PH ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠴᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ᠃ ,PH =7 ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ,PH7 ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ PH ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠦᠯᠳᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠴᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ᠃ ,,⒑ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ,NaCl CuSO4 CaCO3 Na2SO4 KNO3 KCl ZnCO3 CaCl2,, ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠢᠶᠣᠨ ,, ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠣᠨ , ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠄ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠢᠶᠦᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ , ᠾᠯᠤᠷᠳᠦ ᠨᠠᠲᠷᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠠᠲᠷᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠷ᠂ ᠤᠰᠤᠲᠥ᠋ᠷᠦᠭᠴᠢᠲᠦ ᠨᠠᠲᠷᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠠ ︵ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠠ︶ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠰᠦᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠺᠠᠯᠼ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠠᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠺᠠᠯᠢ ,NaCl,Na2CO3,CaCO3,NaHCO3,KMnO4,,⒑ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠤᠳ ,,⒒ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ᠄ , ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ᠄ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ᠃ ,AB+CD → AD+CB, ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠴᠡᠯ᠄ , ᠵᠦᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠨᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠢᠬᠤ ᠡᠰᠡᠬᠦᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠰᠠᠶᠢ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ , ᠠᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠳᠡᠢᠯᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠢᠶᠣᠨ ᠦᠳ , ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠨᠳᠠᠰᠤ ,, ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ︵ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ︶ , ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ︵ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ︶ ,Mg ︵OH︶ 2 Fe ︵OH︶ 2 BaCO3 CaCO3,AgCl BaSO4, ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠩ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠨᠳᠠᠰᠤ Fe ︵OH︶ 3, ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠨᠳᠠᠰᠤ Cu ︵OH︶ 2,