ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ （ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠣᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ） 初中历史教案 （抗美援朝） .pdf

ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠤᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ᠍ᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠤᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ — 1. ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠃ 2. ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠃ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ — ᠲᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠣᠷᠣᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ — ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠵᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠤᠷᠤᠨᠴᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠪᠣᠩ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠤᠤᠯᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ᠃ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠷᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ᠄ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ — ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ — ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ — ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬ᠊ ᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠃ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠯᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠴᠠᠭ᠄ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ᠄ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠳᠥᠯᠬᠦ ︵2 ᠮᠢᠨᠤᠲ︶ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠡᠷᠡᠯᠬᠡᠭ ᠵᠢᠪᠬᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠯᠣ ᠮᠦᠷᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠬ᠋᠊ ‍ᠠᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ᠎ᠠ︕ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠪᠣᠩ᠂ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠨᠣᠳᠤᠭ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬ᠊ ‍ᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ︕ ᠡᠷᠡᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠷ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠡᠰ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠬᠦᠮᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠵᠡᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤ᠋ ᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ︕ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠤᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠹᠷᠤᠨᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠷᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡ᠊ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠤᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠹᠷᠤᠨᠲ ᠣᠴᠢᠪᠠ︖ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠢ︖ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠤ᠊ ᠷᠤᠬᠤ᠃ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠄ ︵26 ᠮᠢᠨᠤᠲ︶ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠄ 1. ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤ᠊ ‍ᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠰᠦᠷᠳᠡᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ A. ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠶᠠᠯᠣ ᠮᠦᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲ᠊ ‍ᠤᠪᠳᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠪᠡ B. ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠬ᠊ ‍ᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠪᠡᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ C. ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠩᠭᠤᠴᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠩ᠊ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠸᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ 2. ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠮᠳ᠋᠊ ‍ᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠮᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠴᠢᠯᠠᠪ᠊ ‍ᠠ᠋᠃ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ A. ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠤ᠊ ‍ᠯᠵᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠳᠤᠷ — — 10 ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 25 ᠤ ᠡᠳᠤᠷ B. ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢ ︽ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠱᠤ ‍ᠭᠤᠮ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠥᠯᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠷ ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠵᠢᠢ ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠤ ᠱᠤᠤ ᠶᠦᠨ A. ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠵᠢᠢ ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠰᠠᠩᠭᠠᠮ ᠷᠢᠶᠧᠩ ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠵᠢᠢ ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠫᠦᠯᠧᠮᠶᠣᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠴᠦ᠂ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ B. ᠴᠢᠤ ᠱᠤᠤ ᠶᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠬᠦᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠩ᠊ ᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠳᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠴᠢᠤ ᠱᠣᠣ ᠶᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠬᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ᠊ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶᠡ᠊ ᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠪᠡ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ 1953 ᠤᠨ ᠤ 7 ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 27 ᠤ ᠡᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠤᠭᠰᠤᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡ᠊ ᠬᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ 2 ᠵᠢᠯ 3 ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤ᠋ ‍ᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠪᠤ᠂ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ a. ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ᠄ ᠡᠵᠡᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡ᠊ ᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ b. ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡ᠊ ᠷᠡᠯᠬᠡᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠮᠤᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠹᠷᠤᠨ᠊ ‍ᠲ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ c. ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴ᠊ ‍ᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠤᠷᠤᠨᠴᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠣᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ a. ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ᠄ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠡᠵᠡᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠤ ᠴᠤᠬᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠭᠴᠦ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯ᠊ ‍ᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ b. ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤ᠄ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰ᠊ ‍ᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠳᠤᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠪᠣᠩ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠭ᠋᠊ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠭᠪᠡ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲ᠊ ‍ᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠳᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠ᠊ ‍ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠦᠨ᠃ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠡᠵᠡᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠤ ᠴᠤᠬᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠭ᠊ ᠴᠦ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰ᠊ ‍ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠳᠤᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠪᠣᠩ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠭᠤᠨ ᠥᠭᠪᠡ᠃ ᠲᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦᠴᠡᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠬ᠊ ‍ᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡ᠃