ᠫᠠᠭᠫᠠ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ （ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ）

LnncuRce nruo Lttlculsrtcs MottocRnpH SEntes 42 MoxGoLrAx MoNUMENTS rN tPneGS-PA Scnrpr Intro duc ti o n, Tr cn s li t er ati o n, Tr an s c rip ti o n an d B ib I i o g“ ap hy Edited by D. Tumurtogoo With the Collaboration of G. Cecegdari w mji -tJ F *a w q rel qi €€ \r1j N l:i-* ffi] qql HI @ el H:H 6#-i IiE::= ru ffir w F@ b,q FJ,l (ftr N9l -*,tJ ll-- \*\ ) *\ ffii 6qi *Jl trq ffi YTF. I l@r tfft-+,1 @ ed' 6fl q ffi wj ciP G d:\ t{',i qt /,h- the documents have began to be collected and studied in a form of inscriptions, manuscripts, xylographical fragments, andPaizi letters and eto. The first research and edition of Mongolian documents in 'Phags-pa script has been started by Russian scholar A. M. Pozdneyev, followed by M. Lewicki, N. Poppe, L. Ligeti, Junast and Hugliltu, who contributed enormously to the studies on 'Phags-pa monuments. In this work, it is aimed to cover as full as possible the Mongolian monuments written in 'Phags-pa script, including the transliteration and transcription of about 70 sources. Also the references to this work with word-index, selected index Nominum, Mongol-English vocabulary, collection of phrases and expressions and bibliography are incorporated, therefore we hope that this work will contribute both, the studies on 'Phags-pa monuments and Mongol studies.My acknowledgement goes to the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica' for offering me a great chance to publish this work' Note:Aftercompletionofthismanuscript,itisfoundthatthephotosofsome unrevealed fragments of 'Phags-pa script documents are included in the Study on the Mongolian Documents Found at Qaraqotaby Yoshida Junichi and Chimeddorji,r as well as the article by Yo. Janchiv tackles some new 'Phags-pa script documents recently found in Mongolia.2 D. Tumurtogoo 2010106120 Tokyo yoshida Junichi 57-58,62'68, 7 6,77 -85 Yo. jandiv, Mongol ulsyn nutag dach' dorvolZin iisgijn dursgaluud, AMon 8, 2008,209-240Table of Contents The Edict of Mangal (1216) 9 The Edict of Khubilai Khan I (127711289) .11 The Edict of Khubilai Khan II (127111289) 13 The Edict of Khubilai Khan III (127711289) 15 The Edict of Khubilai Khan IV (1280) 17 The Edict of Anand (1282)- 20 The Edict of O{eltti Khan I (1298) 22 The Edict of Ofeitti Khan II (1301) .24 The Edict of Seiise (1303) .26 The Edict of Prince Qaisan (1305) .28 The Edict of Ofeitii Khan III (1306) .31 The Edict of Qaisan Kiiliig Khan (1309) .32 The Edict of Buyantu Khan I (1312) 34 The Edict of Buyantu Khan II (1312) 36 The Edict of Buyantu Khan III (1312-1317) .38 The Edict of Buyantu Khan IV (1312-1317) 41 The Edict of Buyantu Khan V (1313) 43 The Edict of Buyantu Khan VI (1314) .4s The Edict of Buyantu Khan VII (1314) .48 The Edict of Buyantu Khan VIII (1314) 50 The Edict of Buyantu Khan IX (1314) .52 The Edict of Buyantu Khan X (1318) s6 The Edict of Dharmabala's Widow I (1320) .59 The Edict of Dharmabala's Widow II (1321) .61 The Edict of Kun-dga-blo-gros-rgyal-mtschan-dpal-dzang-po (1321).63 The Edict of Gegen Khan (1323) 6s The Edict of Yisiintemlir Khan I (1324) 68 The Edict of Yisiintemiir Khan II (1324) 71 lll29. The Edict of Yisiintemiir Khan III (1328) .74 30. The Edict of Togontemtir Khan I (1335) .15 31. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan II (1336) .78 32. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan III (1342) 80 33. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan IV (1343) 82 34. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan V (1345) .84 35. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan VI (1351) -----.87 36. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan VII (1362) 90 37. The Edict of Togontemiir Khan VIII (1368) .93 II. Buddhist Texts 38. The Turfan Fragments of Subhdsitaratnanidhi .99 39. The Chu-Yung-Kuan Inscription of the Left Wall. 104 40. The Chu-Yung-Kuan Inscription of the Right Wall 106 41. The Dunhuang Fragment of Subhasitaratnanidhi .109 III. Some Other Minor Monuments 42. The Proclamation (1306/1307) .111 43. A Fragment of “Paddarak$a“ .112 44. AFragment in the Library of Ryuku University. .112 45. A Fragment from Qara Qo1a. .113 46. An Inscription from Kiiiten Go1. .113 41. A Fragment from Dunhuang. -.---.114 48. A Fragment on the Birch-bark from Golden Horde. 115 49. A Fragment from Istanbu1. .115 50. A Fragment in the Library of Tenri University 116 51. A Fragment in a Silk Scro11. 117 52. A Fragment of Ananda's Edict (1283) .118 53. An Inscription from Fuling. .“-'---. I 1 9 54. An Inscription on a Wine Bott1e. --.--.120 55. A Title Letter on the Stele. ---120 56. A Fragment from Turfan lD3 Tll .121 57. AFragment from Eastern Mongolia 122 58. A Tribe Name 122 59. Some Names in the Dong-Po's Record .123 IV. Paizi and Seal Letters The Silver Paizi from Minusinsk. .125 60. 61. The Silver Paizi from Nyuki.62. The Golden Paizi in the Museum of Inner Mongolia University. 127 63. The Silver Paizi from Inner Mongolia .128 64. The Cast Iron Paizi from Bogotol .129 65. The Cast Iron Paizi from Tashi-Lhunpo. .130 66. The Cast Iron Paizi from Gansu. .130 67. The Round Brass Paizi in Three Different Letters. 131 68. The Round Brass Paizi in Four Different Letters. 132 69. The Round Brass Paizi in Five Different Letters .132 70. The Seal Letter of Ofeitti Khan 133 V. Appendixes 1 Word-Index of the Mongolian Monuments in 'Phags-pa Script135 2. Mongolian-English Vocabulary. .181 3. Selected Index Nominum .193 4. Some Examples of Phrases and Expressions 195 5. Bibliography 19:- 6. The List of Fragments and Their Complete Photo Copies 213 7 . Plates. 229Abbreviations Journals, Series and Publications AAL - Asian and African Linguistics, Tokyo ACS - Area and Culture Sfudies, Tokyo ADAW - Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin AF - Asiatische Forschungen, Wiesbaden AH - Acta Historica, Mongolian National University of Education AM - Asia Major,Leipzig AM N.S. - Asia Major, New Series, London AMon. - Acta Mongolica, Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar AO - Acta Orientalia, Leiden/Copenhagen AOH - Acta Orientalia Hungarica, Budapest fuO - Archiv Orient5lni, Praha BSOAS - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London CAJ - Central Asiatic Journal, The HagueAViesbaden CO - Collectanea Orientalia, Wilno ESB - Erdem Sinjilgeenii Bidig,A{ational University of Mongolia/, Ulaanbaatar GAF - Grittinger Asiatische Forschungen, Wiesbaden HO - Handbuch der Orientalistik, Leiden-Koln IAN - Izvestija Akademi Nauk, Moscow IVLMMT - Indices Verborum Linguae Mongolicae Monumentis Traditorum JA - Joumal Asiatique, Paris JIMNU - Joumal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot JIMU - Joumal of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot JLSJ - Joumal of the Linguistic Society of Japan, Tokyo JRAS - Joumal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London JSFOu - Joumal de la Soci6t6 Finno-Ougrienne, Helsinki KPV - Kul'tura i pis'mennost'Vostoka, Moscow M Mongolica, Intemational Association for Mongol Studies, Ulaanbaatar MIO - Mitteilungen des Instituts fiir Orientforschung, Berlin MKB - Mongyol Kele Bidig, Kokeqota MKUJ - Mongyol Kele Udq-a jokiyal, Krikeqota MLMC - Monumenta Linguae Mongolicae Collecta, Budapest vllMM - Monumenta Mongolica, Centre for Mongol Studies, National University o f Mongolia, U laanb aatar MML - Monuments in Mongolian Language, Intemational Association for Mongol Studies, Ulaanbaatar Mon.S - Mongol Sudlal, The School of Mongolian Language and Culture, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanb aatar Mon. Ser. - Monumenta Serica, Joumal of Oriental Studies, Peking/Los Angeles MRDTB - Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo-Bunko, Tokyo MRIHS - Memoirs of the Research Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto MS - Mongolian Studies, The Korean Association for Mongol Studies, Seoul MTKB - Mongyol Teiike Kele bidig, Ktlkeqota MYa - Minzu Yanjiu, Beijing Myu - Minzu Yuwen, Beijing MXS1 - Mongol Chel SinZlel /Institute of Language and Literature/, Ulaanbaatar MXS2 - Mongol Chel SinZlel /Mongolian National University of Education/, Ulaanbaalar OUMEICh - Olon Ulsyn Mongold Erdemtenij Ich Chural (Papers of International Congresses of Mongolists), Ulaanbaatar Or - Oriens, Leiden OVAfq - Obiir Mongyol-un Arad-un Keblel-iin Qoriya, Kikeqota OVtgyS - Obtir Mongyol-un Baysi-yin Yeke Suryayuli, Erdem Sinjilegen-ii sedkiil, Kokeqota OVNSU - Obiir Mongyol-un Neyigem-iin Snlitetcii Uqayan, Kdkeqota OuSffq - Obtir Mongyol-un Suryan Kiimiijil-iin Keblel-iin Qoriya, Ktikeqota ONAUBOS - 6btir Mongyol-un Undiistin-ii Baysi-yin Degedii Suryayuli, Erdem Sinjile- gen-ii bidig, Kokeqota OVtyS - Obtir Mongyol-un Yeke Suryayuli, Erdem Sinjilegen-ti bidig, Kikeqota PIAC - Permanent International Altaistic Conference SIAL - Studies on the Inner Asian Languages, Tokyo SLL - Studia Linguae et Litterarum, Institute of Language and Literature, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar SM - Studia Mongilica, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar SO - Studia Orientalia, CoPenhagen TBKNII -TrudyBurjatskogoKompleksnogoNaudno-issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Ulan-Ude TVOIRAO - Trudy Vostodnago Otdelenija Imperatorskago Russkago Archeologides- kago Ob5destva, St. PetersburgT'P - T'oung Pao, Leiden UfS - Undtisiin-ti Kele Bidig, Kokeqota XMYa - Xibei Minzu Yanjiu, Lanzhou ZINI - Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Halle ZIAN - Zapiski Imperatorskago Akademii Nauk, St. Petersburg ZIV - Zapiski Instituta Vostokovedenija, Moscow-Leningrad ZKV - Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov, Moscow ZKM - Zeitscht''ft. fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, HalleAViesbaden ZNND - LumalMinisterstva Vnutrennych Del, St. Petersburg ZSOIRGO - Zapiski Sibirskago Otdelenija Imperatorskago Russkago Geografi deskago Ob5destva, St. Petersburg ZS - Zentralasiatische Studien, Wiesbaden ZSPANO - Zapiski Sankt'-Peterburgskago Archeologideskago i Numizmatideskago Ob5destvo, St. Petersburg ZYt - Zhongguo Yuwen, Beijing Type of Scripts Chin. Chinese Mon. Mongolian Skr. Sanskrit Tib. Tibetan Uig. UighurIntroduction l. The Mongols have been using different kind of scripts throughout their history. The “square script“ (known as “'Phags-pa script“, which was used during the Yuan period, occupies an important place in the history of Mongolian literary language and culture. By the XIII century, spoken Mongolian diverged from written Mongolian, which was probably based on the VIII and IX centuries spoken Mongolian. Due to this development, there emerged an inclination, which aimed to make the written language closer to the spoken one. On the other hand, the Yuan Dynasty policy required a new script which would allow the multi-lingual populations of Central Asia to communicate with one alphabet. For these reasons, Khubilai Khan ordered 'Phags-pa blama bl.o- gros-rgyal-mts'an (1235-1280), a Tibetan monk (whom Khubilai granted a title of “state preceptor“), to invent a new script. Thus, 'Phags-pa created a new script with which Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Turkic words could be written. The majority of the monuments that have been preserved in this script are in Mongolian and Chinese. Yet, there are also some monuments in Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Turkish. For this reason, late Academician B. Y. Vladimirtsov rightly called the 'Phags-pa script a lingua franca.l Historically, the language of the Mongolian monuments in 'Phags-pa script is based on one of the eastern Mongolian dialects of the XIII century. Therefore, its language is very similar to that of the “Secret History of the Mongols“, which was written in the court of the Mongol Khans. During the Yuan Dynasty (1260-1368), governmental, legal documents, and historical works were required by a decree of the Emperor to be written in 'Phags-pa script, thus a number of edicts, laws, and books are to be found in 'Phags-pa script. Unfortunately, most of 'Phags-pa documents have been destroyed due to constant warfare and the nature of the nomadic lifestyle. Only some seventy or so monuments have been preserved to our time. The majority of those monuments are the edicts of the Yuan Emperors like Khubilai, Buyantu, Yisiintemiir, and Togontemtir. Since these edicts were written according to an officially designed standard, their composition, style and vocabulary are close to one another. t B. Ja. Vladimircov, Mongol'skij meZdunarodnyj alfavit XIII veka, KPV 10, 1931,32-42Mongolian Monuments in 'Phags-pa Script Monuments of literary works such as books are very rare among the language Mongolian monuments in 'Phags-pa script and until recently only a few fragments of Subhasitaratnanidhi, a Buddhist sutra, were the evidence of such literary works. Yet, in the mid 1990s, several decrees produced by xylography were found in Tibet. These are the precious monuments of book printing in the 'Phags-pa script of the Yuan period. One of the important part of Mongolian monuments of 'Phags-pa script is the paizi, issued to the emperor's envoys and messengers. At present, about ten tablets, of which impressions are very similar to each other, have been found. These tablets are the priceless monuments of Mongolian statehood and jurisprudence. 2. The Mongolian monuments in 'Phags-pa script are invaluable materials for the study of Middle Mongolian language, medieval Mongolian history, and the tradition of Mongolian statehood and jurisprudence. By the first half of the nineteenth century, Russian and European scholars started to study 'Phags-pa script and its monuments. Deciphering of the edict of Buyantu Khan and the impressions of the tablets found in Minusinsk and Nluki by the Russian orientalists P. R. Savel'yerr', I. J. Schmidt3, and V. Grigor'yeva, marked the beginning of the study of 'Phags-pa script. Later on, A. A. Bobrovnikovs, a well known Russian Mongolist, studied several edicts like that of Buyantu and Widow of Dharmabala. Meanwhile, European scholars started to give attention to the study of 'Phags-pa script. In this way, the French scholar M. G. Pauthier6 compared the 'Phags-pa script to Tibetan, Sanskrit and Mongolian “galig“ script. Then, A. WylieT, Ed. Chavannest, G. Huthe studied the edict of Buyantu Khan P. R. Savel'yev, V. Grigor'ev, Mongol'skaja nadpis' wemen Mdngche-chana, Protokol IX zasedanija Archeol. Numizm. Obii. ot 17 aprelja 1847, ZSPANO, SPb., 1849, ss. 11.2-ll3 Mongol'skoe pajze, najdennoev Zabajkal'skoj oblasti, TVOIRAO 2, 1856,161-165 I. J. Schmidt, Uber eine Mongolische Quadratschrift aus der Regierungszeit der Mongolischen Dynastie Jrlan in China, Bulletin 4:9,1848,129-141 V. Grigor'yev, Mongol'skaja nadpis' wemen Mtingk6-chana, najdennajav Vostodnoj Sibiri. 1846, 1-26; ObJasnenie drer,nej mongol'skoj nadpisi, najdennoj v Sibiri, ZillVD 16, 1846, 126-149 + I table A. A. Bobrovnikov, Gramoty vdory Darmabalovoj i Buyantu-chana, pisannye kvadratnym pis'mom, TVOIRAO 16, 1870, 50-76; Pamjatniki mongol'skago kvadratnago pis'ma, s dopolnenijami V. V. Grigor'eva, ibid. l-90 M. G. Pauthier, De I'alphabet de P'a-sse-pa, et de la tentative faite par Khoubilai-Khan, au XIIIe'“ sidcle de notre dre, pour transcrire la langue figurative des Chinois au moyen d'une dcriture alphab6tique, JA 5:19, 1862, l-47 A. Wyli