ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠠᠮᠯᠦᠺ .pdf

For some sixty years, commencing in 1260, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria was at war with the Ilkhanid Mongols based in Persia. This is the first comprehensive study of the political and military aspects of the early years of the war, the twenty-one-year period commencing with the battle of cAyn Jalut in Palestine in 1260 and ending in 1281 at the battle of Horns in northern Syria. Between these major confrontations, which resulted from Mongol invasions into Syria, the Mamluk-Ilkhanid struggle was continued in the manner of a 'cold war' with both sides involved in border skirmishes, diplomatic maneuvers, psychological warfare, ideological posturing, espionage and other forms of subterfuge. Here, as in the major battles, the Mamluks usually maintained the upper hand, establishing themselves as the major Muslim power at the time. Using primarily contemporary Arabic and Persian sources, Reuven Amitai- Preiss sheds new light on the confrontation, examining the war within the context of Ilkhanid/Mamluk relations with the Byzantine Empire, the Latin West and the crusading states, as well as with other Mongol states.Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization Mongols and MamluksCambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization Editorial board DAVID MORGAN (general editor) MICHAEL COOK JOSEF VAN ESS BARBARA FLEMMING TARIF KHALIDI METIN KUNT W.F. MADELUNG ROY MOTTAHEDEH BASIM MUSALLAM Titles in the series B.F. MUSALLEM. Sex and society in Islam: birth control before the nineteenth century SURAIYA FAROQHI. Towns and townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia: trade, crafts and food production in an urban setting, 1520-1650 PATRICIA CRONE. Roman, provincial and Islamic law: the origins of the Islamic patronate STEFAN SPERL. Mannerism in Arabic poetry: a structural analysis of selected texts, 3rd century AH/9th century AD - 5th century AH/11th century AD BEATRICE FORBES MANZ. The rise and rule of Tamerlane AMNON COHEN. Economic life in Ottoman Jerusalem PAUL E. WALKER. Early philosophical Shiism: the Ismaili Neoplatonism of Abu Ydqub al-Sijistanl BOAZ SHOSHAN. Popular culture in medieval Cairo STEPHEN FREDERIC DALE. Indian merchants and Eurasian trade, 1600-1750 AMY SINGER. Palestinian peasants and Ottoman officials: rural administration around sixteenth-century Jerusalem MICHAEL CHAMBERLAIN. Knowledge and social practice in medieval Damascus, 1190-1350Mongols and Mamluks The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281 REUVEN AMITAI-PREISS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1995 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1995 Reprinted 1996 First paperback edition 2004 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, 1955- Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281 / Reuven Amitai-Preiss. p. cm. - (Cambridge Studies in Islamic civilization) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 52146226 6 hardback 1. Islamic Empire-History- 1258-1516. I. Title. II. Series. DS38.7.A46 1995 909'.097671-dc20 94-21441 CIP ISBN 0 52146226 6 hardback ISBN 0 52152290 0 paperbackTo my Mother and FatherContents List of illustrations page x Preface xi List of abbreviations xiii Notes on dates and transliteration xv Introduction 1 1 The historical background 8 2 The battle of c Ayn Jalut 26 3 The formulation of anti-Ilkhanid policy 49 4 The search for a second front 78 5 Military and diplomatic skirmishing 106 6 The secret war 139 7 Baybars's intervention in Seljuq Rum 157 8 Baybars's posthumous victory: the second battle of Horns 179 - (680/1281) 9 The Mamluk-Ilkhanid frontier 202 10 Mamluks and Mongols: an overview 214 Maps 236 Genealogical Tables 244 Glossary 247 Bibliography 249 Index 263Illustrations Plates page 1 Battle of c Ayn Jalut: Jezreel Valley, as seen from the hill on 42 which was found the village of Zar c ln 2 Al-Bira (Birecik), ca. 1930 113 3 Plain of Abulustayn (Elbistan), as seen from the east edge of the 172 plain Figure page 9 Line of battle at Horns (680/1281) 192 Maps page 1 Asia after AD 1260, showing territory under Mongol control and 236 the Mongol Khanates 2 Palestine and its environs, ca. AD 1260 237 3 The area of c Ayn Jalut, ca. AD 1260 238 4 The Fertile Crescent, ca. 13th century AD 239 5 Northern Syria and south-eastern Anatolia, including Cilicia, ca. 240 13th century AD 6 Al-Bira (Birecik), ca. AD 1940 241 7 The Plain of Abulustayn (Elbistan), ca. AD 1940 242 8 Horns and its environs, ca. AD 1940 243 Dynastic and genealogical tables page 1 Mamluk Sultans until 741 /1340 244 2 The Great Khans (Qa'ans) 245 3 Ilkhans of Persia 245 4 Khans of the Golden Horde 246Preface This present study had its genesis as a Ph.D. dissertation, which was submitted to the Senate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in February 1990.1 wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to my supervisors, Professor David Ayalon and Dr. Peter Jackson, for having given unstintingly of their time and knowledge over a period of many years, even after my formal status as a student was ended. I would also like to thank the following: Dr. D.O. Morgan, for his sound advice and helping hand; Professor M. Sharon, for his encouragement and counsel over the years; Mr. A.H. Morton, who first introduced me to the Ilkhanid sources; Mr. R. Irwin, who contributed both helpful criticism and countenance, perhaps more than he is willing to admit; Professor U. Haarmann, who supplied me with an important microfilm at very short notice; Professor A. Khazanov, who read a very early version of chapter 1; Professor R.P. Lindner, for reading a draft of chapter 10.1 would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Professor E. Kohlberg for his advice regarding publishing this work. In addition, my thanks are due to Dr. Ellenblum for his translations from Latin, Professor M. Erdal for his help in transliterating Turkish and Mongolian names and terms, and Mr. D. Dector for assistance with Russian material. I am also grateful to Ms. Tamar Sofer and Ms. Noa Nachum of the Cartographic Laboratory of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, for the maps which they produced for this volume, as well as to Ms. Sally Ayrton and Ms. Roza el-Eini for their careful reading of this study and their judicious comments. My wife Nitzan deserves special thanks for her continuous encouragement and support, along with her careful and critical reading of my text. The oft-repeated but ever-valid warning applies here: I alone am responsible for any mistakes or shortcomings contained in this study. I am grateful to the staffs of the following institutions for assisting my research: the Jewish National and University Library (Jerusalem); Hebrew University Map Library; Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London); Institute of Historical Research (London); Dept. of Orien- tal Manuscripts and Printed Books, the British Library; Bodleian Library (Oxford); Chester Beatty Library (Dublin); Topkapi Sarayi, Siileymaniye and xixii Preface Kopriiliizade Libraries (Istanbul); the Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris); the Vatican Library; Princeton University Library; and the University of Pennsyl- vania Library (Philadelphia). Much of the revision of this work was done during the 1990-1 year as a visiting research fellow at the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. I would like to thank the staff of the Department and its then chairman, Professor A. Udovitch, as well as Professor M. A. Cook, for helping to make my stay there so profitable. I would also like to express my gratitude to the following bodies which assisted in the financing of the research and writing of this study: the Institute of Asian and African Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Central Research Fund, Hebrew University; Golda Meir Fund (Jerusalem); Council for Higher Education in Israel. I am grateful to the following for permission to reproduce photographs: Professor M. Sharon, editor of Corpus Inscription Arabicarum Palaestinae (Jerusalem); Ms. Habie Schwarz (London); Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geuthner (Paris); Dr. T. A. Sinclair (London and Nicosia). I would also like to acknowledge the permission of Dr. D.O. Morgan to reproduce genealogical tables from his The Mongols (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986). I cite in this book sections from two of my articles, and express my gratitude to the publishers for permission to do so: al-Masaq: Studio Arabo-Islamica Mediterranea (vol. 3 [1990]), and Tarlh (vol. 2 [1992]). Finally, it is a special pleasure to thank the staff at Cambridge University Press, particularly the series editor, Marigold Acland, and the sub-editor, Margaret Sharman, for their diligent and pro- fessional work, as well as their patience and good grace. In conclusion, I would like to evoke the memory of the late Burton Barsky, my English teacher at Central High School in Philadelphia. The resemblance that this text has to standard written English is due largely to his stern teachings, for which I am ever grateful.Abbreviations A AS Asian and African Studies AEMA Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aeivi AOL Archives de Vorient latin BEO Bulletin d'etudes orientates BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies CAJ Central Asiatic Journal CHIr, 5 Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: Ed. J. A. Boyle. The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge, 1968. Dozy R. Dozy. Supplement aux dictionnaires arabes. Leiden, 1881. 2 vols. DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers El1 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st edition. Leiden and London, 1913- 36. EP Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Leiden and London, I960-. EIr Encyclopaedia Iranica. London, Boston and Henley, 1985-. Fadl Shafic b. cAlI. Al-Fadl al-mathur min sir at al-sultan al-malik al- mansur. MS. Bodleian Marsh 424. HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Husn Shafic b. cAli. Husn al-manaqib al-sirriyya al-muntazaca min al~ slra al-zahiriyya. Ed. CA-CA. al-Khuwaytir. Riyad, n.d. IOS Israel Oriental Studies JA Journal asiatique JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JSS Journal of Semitic Studies JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JRA S Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Lane E.W. Lane. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Rpt. Cambridge, 1984.2 vols. MHR Mediterranean Historical Review Rawd Ibn cAbd al-Zahir. Al-Rawdal-zahirfisirat al-malik al-zahir. Ed. CA-CA al-Khuwaytir. Riyad, 1396/1976. RCEA Repertoire chronologique d'epigraphie arabe. Ed. E. Combe, J. Sauvaget and G. Wiet. Cairo, 1931—. 17 vols. to date. Xlllxiv Abbreviations REI Revue des etudes islamiques RHC, Ar Recueil des historiens des croisades, documents armeniens. Paris, 1869-1906. RHC, Occ Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux. Paris, 1844-95. RHC, Or Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens orientaux. Paris, 1872-1906. ROL Revue de Vorient latin SI Studia Islamica Tashrlf Ibn cAbd al-Zahir. Tashrlf al-ayy am wa 'l-cusurfislrat al-malik al- mansur. Ed. M. Kamil. Cairo, 1961. TMEN G. Doerfer. Tilrkische und mongolische Elemente im Neu- persisichen. Wiesbaden, 1963-75. 4 vols. Tuhfa Baybars al-Mansurl. Kitab al-tuhfa al-mulukiyya Ji dawla al- turkiyya. Ed. CA-R. Hamdan. Cairo, 1987. Zubda Baybars al-Mansuri. Zubdat al-fikra fi ta'rikh al-hijra. MS. British Library Add. 23325Notes on dates and transliteration 1 Dates are generally given according to the hijn calendar, followed by the Western (i.e., AD) equivalent. When hijrldates are given alone, as in the notes, they are prefixed by AH. Western dates are sometimes found on their own, particularly when discussing events in Europe or among the Franks of Outremer. 2 Arabic words, titles and names have been transliterated according to the system used in the InternationalJournal of Middle Eastern Studies. Words and names of Persian origin have usually been transliterated as if they were Arabic (e.g., cAlizadah, not cAlizade; Juwayni, not Juvayni); the same applies to the titles of Persian books. One exception to this rule is the title pervane, which is preferable to its rendering in Arabic sources, barwanah. Common words of Arabic origin, such as mamluk, amir and sultan, are written without diacritical points. “Mamluk“ and “Mamluks“ with capital letters specifically refer to the Sultanate established in Egypt in AD 1250, while “mamluks“ without a capital letter refers to military slaves in a general sense. 3 Place names are generally given in their Arabic forms. Frankish, Armenian or Modern Turkish variants are also given in parenthesis, at least for the first time the location is named. Well-known place names are given in their accepted English forms: e.g., Cairo, Damascus, Jerusalem, Horns, Aleppo, Mosul. 4 Names and terms of Mongolian origin are generally rendered in the Middle Mongolian form, while Turkish words and names (including those of mam- luks) are transcribed in a manner which will hopefully approximate their pronunciation in the Mamluk Sultanate. Instead of c in Mongolian and q in Turkish, I have used the diagraph ch; in lieu of y used by linguists for both languages, I have adopted gh;j has replaced the /of Mongolian and the c of modern Turkish; s in Mongolian and $ in Turkish have been replaced by sh. Turkish and Mongolian names are not given with the long vowels found in their Arabic and Persian transcriptions, e.g., Qalawun, not Qalawun. Purists might find fault with my usage of llkhan instead of ilkhan or even elkhan, as well as bahadur instead of baghatur, but since these terms were thoroughly Arabized, I have permitted myself to adopt the form favored by historians of medieval Islam. xvIntroduction The Mongols conquered the land and there came to them From Egypt a Turk, who sacrificed his life. In Syria he destroyed and scattered them. To everything there is a pest of its own kind. Abu Shama (d. 1267) 1 For sixty years, commencing in AD 1260, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria were involved in a more or less constant struggle with the Ilkhanid Mongols of Persia. During this period, the Mongols made several concerted efforts to invade Syria: in AD 1260, 1281, 1299, 1300, 1303 and 1312. With one exception, all the Mongol expeditions were failures. Even the one Mongol victory on the field, at Wadi al-Khaznadar in AD 1299, did not lead to the permanent Mongol occupation of Syria and the ultimate defeat of the Mamluks, as the Mongols evacuated Syri