ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠢᠰᠯᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ .pdf

THE MONGOLS AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD Co p y rig h t © 2 0 1 7 Peter Jack so nAll rig h ts reserv ed . Th is b o o k may n o t b e rep ro d u ced in wh o le o r in p art, in an y fo rm (b ey o n d th at co p y in g p ermitted b y Sectio n s 1 0 7 an d 1 0 8 o f th e U.S. Co p y rig h t Law an d ex cep t b y rev iewers fo r th e p u b lic p ress)with o u t written p ermissio n fro m th e p u b lish ers. Fo r in fo rmatio n ab o u t th is an d o th er Yale Un iv ersity Press p u b licatio n s, p lease co n tact: U.S. Office:sales.p ress@y ale.ed u y aleb o o k s.co m Eu ro p e Office: sales@y aleu p .co .u k y aleb o o k s.co .u k Ty p eset in Min io n Pro b y IDSUK (DataCo n n ectio n ) Ltd Prin ted in Great Britain b y Go mer Press,Llan d y su l, Cered ig io n , Wales Lib rary o f Co n g ress Co n tro l Nu mb er: 2 0 1 7 9 3 3 7 1 5 ISBN 9 7 8 -0 -3 0 0 -1 2 5 3 3 -7 A catalo g u e reco rd fo r th is b o o k is av ailab le fro m th e British Lib rary . 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fo r Reb ecca CONTENTS List o f Plates an d Map s Preface List o f Ab b rev iatio n s Au th o r’s No te In tro d u ctio n Med iev al Au th o rs o n th e Mo n g o ls Th e Islamic Wo rld an d In n er Asian Peo p les d o wn to th e Mo n g o l In v asio n Th e Mo n g o l Westward Ad v an ce (1 2 1 9 – 5 3 ) Ap p o rtio n in g an d Go v ern in g an Emp ire (c. 1 2 2 1 – c. 1 2 6 0 ) Hü leg ü ’s Camp aig n s an d Imp erial Frag men tatio n (1 2 5 3 – 6 2 ) Dev astatio n , Dep o p u latio n an d Rev iv al in th e Ag e o f Co n q u est Th e Era o f In ter-Mo n g o l Warfare Pa x Mo n g o lica an d a Tran sco n tin en tal Traffic Med iated So v ereig n ty : Th e Clien t Mu slim Kin g d o ms Un b eliev in g Mo n arch s an d th eir Serv an ts Th e Ru le o f th e In fid el Th e On set o f Islamizatio n : (a) Co mmo n Th emes Th e On set o f Islamizatio n : (b ) Ro y al Co n v erts an d Mu slim Resu rg en ce Ep ilo g u e Co n clu sio n Ap p en d ix 1 Glo ssary o f tech n ical terms Ap p en d ix 2 Gen ealo g ical tab les an d lists o f ru lers No tes Bib lio g rap h y In d ex PLATES AND MAPS Pla tes 1 . A Mo n g o l co u rt feast: Diez-Alb u m A, fo . 7 0 , S. 2 2 , n o . 1 , fro m Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh (rep ro d u ced co u rtesy o f th e Staatsb ib lio th ek zu Berlin – Preu ß isch er Ku ltu rb esitz)2 . Sieg e o p eratio n s: Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersity Lib rary , ms. Or. 2 0 , fo . 1 2 4 b (rep ro d u ced co u rtesy o f Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersityLib rary ) 3 . Sieg e o p eratio n s: Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersityLib rary , ms. Or. 2 0 , fo . 1 3 0 b (rep ro d u ced co u rtesy o f Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersity Lib rary )4 . Priso n ers b ein g led away b y th e Mo n g o ls: Diez Alb u m A, fo . 7 0 , S. 1 9 , n o . 2 , fro m Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh (rep ro d u ced co u rtesy o f th eStaatsb ib lio th ek zu Berlin – Preu ß isch er Ku ltu rb esitz) 5 . Th e Mo n g o ls to rtu rin g th eir p riso n ers: Diez Alb u m A, fo . 7 0 , S. 6 , n o . 1 ,fro m Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh (rep ro d u ced co u rtesy o f th e Staatsb ib lio th ek zu Berlin – Preu ß isch er Ku ltu rb esitz)6 . Th e Pro p h et reco g n izin g ‛Alī as h is rig h tfu l su ccesso r: al-Bīrū n ī, Āth ā r a l- b ā q iya , Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersity Lib rary , ms. Or. 1 6 1 , fo . 1 6 2 a (rep ro d u cedco u rtesy o f Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersity Lib rary ) 7 . Th e Pro p h et’s b irth : Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersityLib rary , ms. Or. 2 0 , fo . 4 4 a (rep ro d u ced co u rtesy o f Ed in b u rg h Un iv ersity Lib rary ) Ma ps 1 . Asia o n th e ev e o f Ch in g g is Kh an ’s ex p ed itio n to th e west2 . Th e Iran ian wo rld fro m Ch in g g is Kh an ’s in v asio n d o wn to c. 1 2 5 0 3 . Th e camp aig n s o f Hü leg ü ’s armies 1 2 5 5 – 6 04 . Th e Mo n g o l d o min io n s after 1 2 6 0 5 . Th e Jo ch id territo ries6 . Th e Ilk h an ate 7 . Th e d o min io n s o f Qaid u an d th e Ch ag h ad ay id s8 . Th e Eu rasian co mmercial n etwo rk in th e Mo n g o l era I PREFACE FIRST CONCEIVED THE PROJECT o f writin g a b o o k o n Mu slims u n d er in fid elMo n g o l ru le in 2 0 0 6 . Heath er McCallu m at Yale Un iv ersity Press g av e th e id ea a warm welco me, an d I h av e g reatly ap p reciated h er co n tin u ed en th u siasman d in terest, o v er a co n sid erab ly lo n g er p erio d th an eith er o f u s an ticip ated . I am also g ratefu l to b o th Heath er an d h er co lleag u es Rach ael Lo n sd ale, MelissaBo n d an d Saman th a Cro ss fo r seein g th e b o o k th ro u g h to p u b licatio n , an d to Rich ard Maso n fo r b ein g a th o ro u g h an d efficien t co p y -ed ito r.Wh ile wo rk in g o n th is b o o k , I h av e in cu rred man y d eb ts. I mu st men tio n th e u n failin g h elp fu ln ess, p atien ce an d co u rtesy o f staff in th e fo llo win g in stitu tio n s:Camb rid g e Un iv ersity Lib rary , th e Bo d leian Lib rary , th e Lib rary o f th e Ox fo rd Cen tre fo r Islamic Stu d ies, th e British Lib rary , th e Warb u rg In stitu te Lib rary , th eWellco me Lib rary , th e Lib rary o f th e Sch o o l o f Orien tal an d African Stu d ies, Birmin g h am Un iv ersity Lib rary an d th e Jo h n Ry lan d s Un iv ersity Lib rary inMan ch ester. Fro m th e last th ree o f th ese in stitu tio n s I h av e b een ab le to b o rro w b o o k s u n d er th e SCONUL sch eme, an in v alu ab le p riv ileg e in d eed th at sh o u ldn o t b e tak en fo r g ran ted , an d it is a p leasu re to ack n o wled g e h ere th e assistan ce o f th e sch eme. I am also g ratefu l fo r th e assistan ce o f staff in th e Bib lio th èq u eNatio n ale, Paris, an d (so me y ears ag o ) in th e Sü ley man iy e Kü tü p h an esi an d th e To p k ap ı Saray ı Mü zesi, Istan b u l.I b en efited g reatly fro m th e o p p o rtu n ity to try o u t an early v ersio n o f p art o f ch ap ter 6 at a sy mp o siu m o n ‘Th e Mo n g o l Emp ire an d Its Wo rld ’, o rg an ized b yPro fesso r Dav id Mo rg an in Ap ril 2 0 1 0 at th e Un iv ersity o f Wisco n sin -Mad iso n . I also b en efited fro m read in g p ap ers relatin g to th e Mo n g o ls an d th e Islamicwo rld th at, in d ifferen t way s, in co rp o rated id eas mo re fu lly d ev elo p ed in ch ap ters 1 1 , 1 2 an d 1 3 , at semin ars in th e Un iv ersities o f Warwick , Birmin g h am,St An d rews, Sh effield an d Keele, an d at All So u ls Co lleg e, Ox fo rd . In ad d itio n , I was g lad o f th e ch an ce to ex p erimen t with o n e o f th e th emes o f ch ap ter 1 3 , b yd eliv erin g a p ap er with th e less th an electrify in g title ‘Th e Co n v ersio n o f th e Ch ag h ad ay id s in Co mp arativ e Persp ectiv e’ at a co n feren ce o n ‘New Directio n s in th e Stu d y o f th e Mo n g o l Emp ire’ in Jeru salem in Ju n e– Ju ly 2 0 1 4 , co n v en edb y Pro fesso rs Mich al Biran an d Ho d o n g Kim. I am esp ecially g ratefu l fo r th e stimu latin g q u estio n s th at th e au d ien ce fired at me o n each o f th ese o ccasio n s.No b o d y wh o h as wo rk ed sin ce th e 1 9 7 0 s o n th e Mo n g o l emp ire an d its su ccesso r-states can fail to b e aware o f th e in crease in th e n u mb er o f ed itio n s o rtran slatio n s o f p rimary so u rces an d , still mo re o b v io u sly , o f th e ex trao rd in ary ex p lo sio n in sch o larsh ip o n th e su b ject in b o th article an d b o o k fo rm. Perso n alco n tact with v ario u s acad emic co lleag u es in th e field h as p ro v ed a b ig g er b o o n to me, I am su re, th an to th em. To certain in d iv id u als, wh o p ro v id ed me withp h o to co p ies o r d ig itized co p ies o f material u n av ailab le in an y rep o sito ry with in th e UK – Pro fesso r Biran , Pro fesso r An n e-Marie Ed d é, Dr Geo rg e Lan e, DrRo man Po ch ek aev an d Dr Mik ló s Sárk ö zy – my o b lig atio n is co n sid erab le. In ad d itio n , Pro fesso r Peter Go ld en , Dr Co lin Hey wo o d an d Pro fesso r Nik o laiKrad in each k in d ly p resen ted me with a co p y o f th eir co llected articles. Sev eral sch o lars h av e g iv en me co p ies o r o ffp rin ts o f articles th at mig h t o th erwise h av etak en so me mo n th s to co me to my n o tice, an d Pro fesso r Ho d o n g Kim h as sen t me su ccessiv e issu es o f th e Jo u rn a l o f Cen tra l Eu ra sia n S tu d ies, p u b lish ed inSeo u l. In man y in stan ces, my d eb t to co lleag u es is a matter simp ly o f co n v ersatio n s, an swers to q u estio n s o r th e sh arin g o f a referen ce – b y n o mean sn eg lig ib le fav o u rs. I am also ex tremely g ratefu l to Pro fesso rs Biran an d Mo rg an , wh o read th e p en u ltimate d raft o n b eh alf o f Yale Un iv ersity Press an d wh o seco mmen ts an d su g g estio n s b o th refin ed my id eas an d d isp elled v ario u s erro rs an d misco n cep tio n s. It g o es with o u t say in g , n atu rally , th at n o n e o f th e h elp Ih av e receiv ed d imin ish es my resp o n sib ility fo r an y failin g s still to b e d etected in th is b o o k .My last d eb t req u irin g a men tio n h ere, th o u g h far fro m th e smallest, is th e tireless su p p o rt o f my wife Reb ecca, wh o h as, o n d ifferen t o ccasio n s, read d raftso f ev ery ch ap ter, in eq u al measu re o fferin g en co u rag emen t an d ch allen g in g my arg u men ts o r my sty le. I d ed icate th is b o o k to h er, n o t least b ecau se with o u t h er Ico u ld n o t h av e written it. Peter Ja ckso nMa d eley, S ta ffo rd sh ire S ep temb er 2 0 1 6 ABBREVIATIONS Prima ry so urces AA al-Ṣafad ī, A‛yā n a l-‛a ṣr AK Ib n Sh ad d ād al-Ḥalab ī, a l-A‛lā q a l-kh a ṭīra AM (an o n y mo u s), Akh b ā r-i mu g h ū lā n d a r a n b ā n a -yi Qu ṭb BH Bar Heb raeu s, Ma ktb ā n ū t za b n ē, ed . an d tr. Bu d g e, Th eCh ro n o g ra p h y o f Greg o ry Ab û ’l-Fa ra j [referen ces are to I,th e tran slatio n ] CC Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Part I (Ta ’rīkh -imu b ā ra k-i Gh ā zā n ī), tr. Th ack sto n , Ja mi‛u ’t-Ta wa rikh : ACo mp en d iu m o f Ch ro n icles (2 0 1 2 ) DMZ al-Yū n īn ī, Dh a yl Mir’ā t a l-za mā n [Hy d erab ad ed n u n lesso th erwise sp ecified ] Dzh T Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Part I (Ta ’rīkh -imu b ā ra k-i Gh ā zā n ī), v o l. I, p art 1 , ed . Ro mask ev ich et al.; v o l. II, p art 1 , ed . Alizad e; v o l. III, ed . Alizad e GW Waṣṣāf, Ta jziya t a l-a mṣā r, p artially ed . an d tr. Hammer-Pu rg stall, Gesch ich te Wa ssa f’s [I, tex t an d tran s.; II, III an dIV, tran s. o n ly ] HJ (an o n y mo u s), a l-Ḥa wā d ith a l-jā mi‛a [p ag e referen ces areto th e ed itio n s b y Jawād an d al-Sh ab īb ī (1 9 3 2 ) an d b y Ma‛rū f an d Ra’ū f (1 9 9 7 ), in th at o rd er] HWC Ju way n ī, Ta ’rīkh -i ja h ā n -g u sh ā , tr. Bo y le, Th e Histo ry o fth e Wo rld -Co n q u ero r IA Ib n al-Ath īr, a l-Kā mil fī l-ta ’rīkh IAF Ib n Ab ī l-Faḍ ā’il, a l-Na h j a l-sa d īd [referen ces are toBlo ch et’s ed itio n an d tran slatio n u n less o th erwisesp ecified ] IB Ib n Baṭṭū ṭa, Tu ḥ fa t a l-n u ẓẓā r ID Ib n al-Dawād ārī, Ka n z a l-d u ra r IF Ib n al-Fu waṭī, Ta lkh īṣ Ma jma ‛ a l-ā d ā b IKPI Ab u seito v a et al. (g en eral ed s), Isto riia Ka za kh sta n a vp ersid skikh isto ch n ika kh IW Ib n Wāṣil, Mu fa rrij a l-ku rū b : v o ls I– V, ed . al-Sh ay y āl etal.; v o l. VI [p ag e referen ces are to th e ed itio n s b y Tad mu rī(2 0 0 4 ) an d Rah im (2 0 1 0 ), in th at o rd er] JQ Jamāl al-Qarsh ī, a l-Mu lḥ a q ā t b i l-Ṣ u rā h . JT Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Part I (Ta ’rīkh -imu b ā ra k-i Gh ā zā n ī), ed . Rawsh an an d Mū sawī [ex cep twh ere o th erwise stated ] Lech Ib n Faḍ l-Allāh al-‛Umarī, Ma sā lik a l-a b ṣā r, ed . an d tr.Lech , Da s mo n g o lisch e Weltreich MA Ib n Faḍ l-Allāh al-‛Umarī, Ma sā lik a l-a b ṣā r, ed . Kh u ray sātet al. MFW Ru b ru ck , tr. in Jack so n an d Mo rg an (ed s), Th e Missio n o fFria r Willia m o f Ru b ru ck MM Ch risto p h er Dawso n (ed .), Th e Mo n g o l Missio n :Na rra tives a n d Letters o f th e Fra n cisca n Missio n a ries inCh in a a n d Mo n g o lia MP Marco Po lo , Le d evisemen t d u mo n d e, ed . Mén ard et al. MTD Ib n al-‛Ib rī (Bar Heb raeu s), Mu kh ta ṣa r ta ’rīkh a l-d u wa l Mu stawfī, ZN Ḥamd -Allāh Mu stawfī Qazwīn ī, Ẓa fa r-n ā ma MZ Sib ṭ Ib n al-Jawzī, Mir’ā t a l-za mā n [Hy d erab ad ed n ] MZDMZ Sib ṭ Ib n al-Jawzī, Mir’ā t a l-za mā n , ed . al-Ju b ū rī et al., an dal-Yū n īn ī, Dh a yl Mir’ā t a l-za mā n , ed . Jarrāk h NQ Ḥamd -Allāh Mu stawfī Qazwīn ī, Nu zh a t a l-q u lū b NT Bay ḍ āwī, Niẓā m a l-ta wā rīkh [1 st recen sio n an dMu ḥ ad d ith ’s ed itio n , u n less o th erwise sp ecified ] PC Plan o Carp in i, Ysto ria Mo n g a lo ru m, ed . Men estò et al. SF An astasiu s Van d en Wy n g aert (ed .), S in ica Fra n cisca n a , I:Itin era et rela tio n es Fra tru m Min o ru m sa ecu li XIII et XIV SGK Rash īd al-Dīn , Jā mi‛ a l-ta wā rīkh , Part I (Ta ’rīkh -imu b ā ra k-i Gh ā zā n ī), v o l. II, tr. Bo y le, Th e S u ccesso rs o fGen g h is Kh a n SH Mo n g g h o l’u n n iu ch a to b ch a ’a n (S ecret Histo ry o f th eMo n g o ls) Sh āmī, ZN Sh āmī, Niẓām al-Dīn , Ẓa fa r-n ā ma SMIZO V. G. Tizen g au zen (ed .), S b o rn ik ma teria lo v,o tn o sia sh ch ikh sia k isto rii Zo lo to i Ord y SP Rash īd al-Dīn , S h u ‛a b -i p a n jg ā n a SSQ Simo n d e Sain t-Qu en tin , Histo ria Ta rta ro ru m TG Ḥamd -Allāh Mu stawfī Qazwīn ī, Ta ’rīkh -i g u zīd a TI al-Dh ah ab ī, Ta ’rīkh a l-Islā m TJG Ju way n ī, Ta ’rīkh -i ja h ā n -g u sh ā , ed . Qazwīn ī TN Jū zjān ī, Ṭa b a q ā t-i Nā ṣirī Ḥay d ar Du g h lāt, Ta ’rīkh -i Ra sh īd ī TR TU Qāsh ān ī, Ta ’rīkh -i Uljā ītū S u lṭā n VB Vin cen t d e Beau v ais, S p ecu lu m h isto ria le WR Ru b ru ck , Itin era riu m, ed . Ch iesa WW al-Ṣafad ī, a l-Wā fī b i l-wa fa yā t Yazd ī, ZN Yazd ī, Sh araf al-Dīn ‛Alī, Ẓa fa r-n ā ma [referen ces are to‛Ab b āsī’s ed itio n u n less o th erwise sp ecified ] YS So n g Lian et al. (ed s), Yu a n sh i ZF Bay b ars al-Man ṣū rī, Zu b d a t a l-fikra Studies, series titles, jo urna ls a nd reference wo rks AAS Asia n a n d Africa n S tu d ies AEMA Arch ivu m Eu ra sia e Med ii Aevi AF Asiatisch e Fo rsch u n g en AFP Arch ivu m Fra tru m Pra ed ica to ru m AMTM Asia n Med icin e: Tra d itio n a n d Mo d ern ity AOASH Acta Orien ta lia Aca d emia e S cien tia ru m Hu n g a rica e AOAW An zeig er d er p h il.-h isṭ Kla sse d er ö sterreich isch en Aka d emied er Wissen sch a ften BEO Bu lletin d ’Étu d es Orien ta les d e l’In stitu t Fra n ça is d e Da ma s BIAL Brill’s In n er Asian Lib rary BS O[A]S Bu lletin o f th e S ch o o l o f Orien ta l [a n d Africa n ] S tu d ies CAJ Cen tra l Asia tic Jo u rn a l CHC, VI Herb ert Fran k e an d Den is Twitch ett (ed s), Th e Ca mb rid g eHisto ry o f Ch in a , VI. Alien Reg imes a n d Bo rd er S ta tes 9 0 7 – 1 3 6 8 (Camb rid g e, 1 9 9 4 ) CHEIA Den is Sin