ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ

title: Th e Mo n g o ls : A Histo ryau th or: Cu rtin , Jeremiah . p u b lish er: Co mb in ed Pu b lish in gisb n 10 | asin : 0 9 3 8 2 8 9 6 6 7 p rin t isb n 13: 9 7 8 0 9 3 8 2 8 9 6 6 1eb ook isb n 13: 9 7 8 0 5 8 5 1 0 0 2 1 0 lan gu age: En g lishsu b ject Mo n g o ls--Histo ry . p u b lication d ate: 1 9 9 6lcc: DS1 9 .C8 1 9 9 6 eb d d c: 9 5 0 /.2su b ject: Mo n g o ls--Histo ry . Pag e iii Th e Mo n g o ls A Histo ry Jeremiah Cu rtin With a fo rewo rd b y THEODORE ROOSEVELT COMBINED BOOKSPen n sylva n ia Pag e iv So me imag es in th e o rig in al h ard co p y b o o k are n o t av ailab le fo rin clu sio n in th e n etLib rary eBo o k . Orig in ally p u b lish ed b y Little, Bro wn , an d Co mp an y , Bo sto n , in 1 9 0 8 . Co mb in ed Bo o k s ed itio n , 1 9 9 6 . All rig h ts reserv ed . Fo r in fo rmatio n , ad d ress:Co mb in ed Bo o k s, In c. 1 5 1 East 1 0 th Av en u eCo n sh o h o ck en , PA 1 9 4 2 8 Lib ra ry o f Co n g ress Ca ta lo g in g -in -Pu b lica tio n Da ta Cu rtin , Jeremiah , 1 8 3 5 -1 9 0 6 .Th e Mo n g o ls: a h isto ry / Jeremiah Cu rtin . p . cm.In clu d es in d ex . ISBN 0 -9 3 8 2 8 9 -6 5 -9 ︵h c: alk . p ap er︶ --ISBN 0 -9 3 8 2 8 9 -6 6 -7 ︵p b︶ 1 . Mo n g o ls--Histo ry . I. Title. DS1 9 .C8 1 9 9 6 9 6 -1 1 4 9 79 5 0 '︔ .2 --d c2 0 CIP Prin ted in th e Un ited S ta tes o f America . Pag e v Imag e n o t av ailab le. Pag e v i Imag e n o t av ailab le. Pag e v ii Imag e n o t av ailab le. Pag e ix Fo rewo rd Th e d eath o f Jeremiah Cu rtin ro b b ed America o f o n e o f h er two o rth ree fo remo st sch o lars. Mr. Cu rtin , wh o was b y b irth a n ativ e o f Wisco n sin , at o n e time was in th e d ip lo matic serv ice o f th eGo v ern men t︔ b u t h is ch ief wo rk was in literatu re. Th e ex trao rd in ary facility with wh ich h e learn ed an y lan g u ag e, h is g ift o f sty le in h iso wn lan g u ag e, h is in d u stry , h is restless activ ity an d d esire to see stran g e n atio n s an d o u t o f th e way p eo p les, an d h is g reat g ift o fimag in atio n wh ich en ab led h im to ap p reciate th e ep ic sweep o f v ital h isto rical ev en ts, all co mb in ed to ren d er h is wo rk o f p ecu liar v alu e.His ex trao rd in ary tran slatio n s o f th e Po lish n o v els o f Sien k iewicz, esp ecially o f th o se d ealin g with med iev al Po lan d an d h er stru g g leswith th e Tartar, th e Swed e an d th e German , wo u ld in th emselv es h av e b een en o u g h to estab lish a first class rep u tatio n fo r an y man . Inad d itio n h e d id remark ab le wo rk in co n n ectio n with In d ian , Celtic an d o th er fo lk tales. Bu t n o th in g th at h e d id was mo re imp o rtan t th an h isstu d ies o f th e rise o f th e mig h ty Mo n g o l Emp ire an d its d ecad en ce. In th is p articu lar field n o o th er American o r En g lish sch o lar h as ev erap p ro ach ed h im. In d eed , it is ex trao rd in ary to see h o w ig n o ran t ev en Pag e x th e b est sch o lars o f America an d En g lan d are o f th e tremen d o u simp o rtan ce in wo rld h isto ry o f th e n atio n -sh atterin g Mo n g o l in v asio n s. A n o ted En g lish man o f letters n o t man y y ears ag o wro te ach armin g essay o n th e Th irteen th Cen tu ry an essay sh o win g h is wid e learn in g , h is g rasp o f h isto rical ev en ts, an d th e len g th o f time th at h eh ad d ev o ted to th e stu d y o f th e cen tu ry . Yet th e essay ist n o t o n ly n ev er men tio n ed b u t was ev id en tly ig n o ran t o f th e mo st stu p en d o u s fact o fth e cen tu ry th e rise o f Gen g h is Kh an an d th e sp read o f th e Mo n g o l p o wer fro m th e Yello w Sea to th e Ad riatic an d th e Persian Gu lf.Ig n o ran ce lik e th is is p artly d u e to th e n atu ral ten d en cy amo n g men wh o se cu ltu re is th at o f Western Eu ro p e to th in k o f h isto ry as o n lyEu ro p ean h isto ry an d o f Eu ro p ean h isto ry as o n ly th e h isto ry o f Latin an d Teu to n ic Eu ro p e. Bu t th is d o es n o t en tirely ex cu se ig n o ran ce o fsu ch an ev en t as th e Mo n g o l-Tartar in v asio n , wh ich affected h alf o f Eu ro p e far mo re p ro fo u n d ly th an th e Cru sad es. It is th is ig n o ran ce, o fco u rse accen tu ated amo n g th o se wh o are n o t sch o lars, wh ich acco u n ts fo r th e p o ssib ility o f su ch co mically ab su rd remark s as th e o n e n o tin freq u en tly mad e at th e time o f th e Jap an ese-Ru ssian war, th at fo r th e first time sin ce Salamis Asia h ad co n q u ered Eu ro p e. As a matter o ffact th e recen t military su p remacy o f th e wh ite o r Eu ro p ean races is a matter o f o n ly so me th ree cen tu ries. Fo r th e fo u r p reced in g cen tu ries,th at is, fro m th e b eg in n in g o f th e th irteen th to th e sev en teen th , th e Mo n g o l an d Tu rk ish armies g en erally h ad th e u p p er h an d in an yco n test with Eu ro p ean fo es, ap p earin g in Eu ro p e alway s as in v ad ers an d o ften as co n q u ero rs︔ wh ile n o ru ler o f Eu ro p e o f th eir d ay s h ad toh is cred it su ch Pag e x i mig h ty feats o f arms, su ch wid e co n q u ests, as Gen g h is Kh an , asTimo u r th e Limp er, as Bajazet, Selim an d Amu rath , as Bab er an d Ak b ar. Th e rise o f th e Mo n g o l p o wer u n d er Gen g h is Kh an was u n h erald edan d u n fo reseen , an d it to o k th e wo rld as co mp letely b y su rp rise as th e rise o f th e Arab p o wer six cen tu ries b efo re. Wh en th e th irteen thcen tu ry o p en ed Gen g h is Kh an was merely o n e amo n g a n u mb er o f o th er o b scu re Mo n g o l ch iefs an d n eith er h e n o r h is trib e h ad an yrep u tatio n wh atev er o u tsid e o f th e b arren p lain s o f Cen tral Asia, wh ere th ey an d th eir fello w-b arb arian s liv ed o n h o rseb ack amo n gth eir flo ck s an d h erd s. Neith er in civ ilized n o r semi-civ ilized Eu ro p e, n o r in civ ilized n o r semi-civ ilized Asia, was h e k n o wn o r feared , an ymo re, fo r in stan ce, th an th e civ ilized wo rld o f to d ay k n o ws o r fears th e Sen o u ssi, o r an y o b scu re b lack mah d i in th e reg io n so u th o f th eSah ara. At th e mo men t, Eu ro p e h ad lo st fear o f ag g ressio n fro m eith er Asia o r Africa. In Sp ain th e p o wer o f th e Mo o rs h ad ju st b een red u cedto in sig n ifican ce. Th e cru sad in g sp irit, it is tru e, h ad b een th o ro u g h ly d iscred ited b y th e wick ed Fo u rth Cru sad e, wh en th e Fran k s an dVen etian s to o k Co n stan tin o p le an d d estro y ed th e o ld b u lwark o f Eu ro p e ag ain st th e In fid el. Bu t in th e cru sad e in wh ich h e h imself lo sth is life th e Emp ero r Barb aro ssa h ad co mp letely b ro k en th e p o wer o f th e Seljo u k Tu rk s in Asia-Min o r, an d th o Jeru salem h ad b een lo st itwas ab o u t to b e reg ain ed b y th at stran g e an d b rillian t man , th e Emp ero r Fred erick II, “th e wo n d er o f th e wo rld .“ Th e Slav s o f Ru ssiawere o rg an ized in to a k in d o f lo o se co n fed eracy , an d were slo wly ex ten d in g th emselv es eastward , mak in g settlemen ts lik e Mo sco w inth e mid st o f v ario u s Fin n ish Pag e x ii p eo p les. Hu n g ary an d Po lan d were g reat warrio r k in g d o ms, th o aco u p le o f cen tu ries were to p ass b efo re Po lan d wo u ld co me to h er fu ll p o wer. Th e Calip h s still ru led at Bag d ad . In In d ia Mo h ammed anwarred with Rajp u t︔ an d th e Ch in ese Emp ire was p ro b ab ly su p erio r in civ ilizatio n an d in military stren g th to an y n atio n o f Eu ro p e. In to th is wo rld b u rst th e Mo n g o l. All h is early y ears Gen g h is Kh ansp en t in o b tain in g first th e co n tro l o f h is o wn trib e, an d th en in estab lish in g th e ab so lu te su p remacy o f th is trib e o v er all its n eig h b o rs.In th e first d ecad e o f th e th irteen th cen tu ry th is wo rk was acco mp lish ed . His su p remacy o v er th e wild mo u n ted h erd smen wasab so lu te an d u n q u estio n ed . Ev ery fo rmid ab le co mp etito r, ev ery man wh o wo u ld n o t b o w with u n q u estio n in g o b ed ien ce to h is will, h adb een ru th lessly slain , an d h e h ad d ev elo p ed a n u mb er o f ab le men wh o were willin g to b e h is d ev o ted slav es, an d to carry o u t h is ev eryco mman d with u n h esitatin g o b ed ien ce an d d read fu l p ro wess. Ou t o f th e Mo n g o l h o rse-b o wmen an d h o rse-swo rd smen h e sp eed ily mad eth e mo st fo rmid ab le tro o p s th en in ex isten ce. East, west an d so u th h e sen t h is armies, an d u n d er h im an d h is immed iate su ccesso rs th e areao f co n q u est wid en ed b y leap s an d b o u n d s︔ wh ile two g en eratio n s wen t b y b efo re an y tro o p s were fo u n d in Asia o r Eu ro p e wh o o n an ystrick en field co u ld h o ld th eir o wn with th e terrib le Mo n g o l h o rsemen , an d th eir su b ject-allies an d remo te k in smen , th e Tu rk o -Tartars wh oserv ed with an d u n d er th em. Few co n q u ests h av e ev er b een so h id eo u s an d o n th e wh o le so n o x io u s to man k in d . Th e Mo n g o ls were sav ag esas cru el as th ey were b rav e an d h ard y . Th ere were Nes- Pag e x iii to rian Ch ristian s amo n g th em, as in mo st p arts o f Asia at th at time,b u t th e g reat b u lk o f th em were Sh aman ists︔ th at is, th eir creed an d eth ical cu ltu re were ab o u t o n a p ar with th o se o f th e Co man ch es an dAp ach es o f th e n in eteen th cen tu ry . Th ey d iffered fro m Co man ch e an d Ap ach e in th at cap acity fo r military o rg an izatio n wh ich g av e th emsu ch terrib le efficien cy︔ b u t o th erwise th ey were n o t mu ch mo re ad v an ced , an d th e civ ilized p eo p les wh o fell u n d er th eir swayex p erien ced a fate as d read fu l as wo u ld b e th e case if n o wad ay s a civ ilized p eo p le were su d d en ly co n q u ered b y a g reat h o rd e o fAp ach es. Th e ru th less cru elty o f th e Mo n g o l was p ractised o n a scale g reater th an ev er b efo re o r sin ce. Th e Mo slems feared th em as mu chas th e Ch ristian s. Th ey p u t to d eath th e Calip h , an d sack ed Bag d ad , ju st as th ey sack ed th e cities o f Ru ssia an d Hu n g ary . Th ey d estro y edth e Tu rk ish trib es wh ich v en tu red to resist th em with th e merciless th o ro n ess wh ich th ey sh o wed in d ealin g with an y resistan ce inEu ro p e. Th ey were in co n ceiv ab ly fo rmid ab le in b attle, tireless in camp aig n an d o n th e march , u tterly in d ifferen t to fatig u e an dh ard sh ip , o f ex trao rd in ary p ro wess with b o w an d swo rd . To th e Eu ro p ean s wh o co wered in h o rro r b efo re th em, th e sq u at, slit-ey ed ,b rawn y h o rsemen , '︔ '︔ with faces lik e th e sn o u ts o f d o g s,'︔ '︔ seemed as h id eo u s an d fearso me as d emo n s, an d as irresistib le b y o rd in arymo rtals. Th ey co n q u ered Ch in a an d set o n th e th ro n e a Mo n g o l d y n asty . In d ia also th eir d escen d an ts co n q u ered , an d th ere lik ewiseerected a g reat Mo n g o l emp ire. Persia in th e same way fell in to th eir h an d s. Th eir armies, ev ery so ld ier o n h o rseb ack , march ed in cred ib led istan ces an d o v erth rew wh atev er o p p o sed th em. Th ey stru ck d o wn th e Pag e x iv Ru ssian s at a b lo w an d tramp led th e lan d in to b lo o d y mire b en eathth eir h o rses'︔ feet. Th ey cru sh ed th e Mag y ars in a sin g le b attle an d d rew a b ro ad red fu rro w straig h t acro ss Hu n g ary , d riv in g th eHu n g arian Kin g in p an ic flig h t fro m h is realm. Th ey o v erran Po lan d an d d estro y ed th e b an d ed k n ig h th o o d o f No rth German y in Silesia.Western Eu ro p e co u ld h av e mad e n o ad eq u ate d efen se︔ b u t fo rtu n ately b y th is time th e Mo n g o l attack h ad sp en t itself, simp ly b ecau se th ed istan ce fro m th e cen tral p o in t h ad b eco me so g reat. It was n o Ch ristian o r Eu ro p ean military p o wer wh ich first b y fo rce set b o u n d sto th e Mo n g o l co n q u ests︔ b u t th e Tu rk ish Mamelu k es o f Eg y p t in th e West, an d in th e East, so me two sco re y ears later, th e armies o f Jap an . In a co u p le o f g en eratio n s th e Mo n g o ls as a wh o le b ecame Bu d d h istsin th e East an d Mo slems in th e West︔ an d in th e West th e tru e Mo n g o ls g rad u ally d isap p eared , b ein g lo st amo n g th e Tu rk ish trib eswh o m th ey h ad co n q u ered an d led to v icto ry . It was th ese Tu rk ish trib es, k n o wn as Tartars, wh o fo r o v er two cen tu ries k ep t Ru ssia in aserv itu d e so terrib le, so b lo o d y , so ab ject, as to leav e d eep p erman en t mark s o n th e n atio n al ch aracter. Th e Ru ssian s d id n o t fin ally th ro w o ffth is sq u alid y o k e u n til th irty y ears after th e co n q u est o f Co n stan tin o p le b y th e Otto man Tu rk s, th e p o wer o f th e Tartarswan in g as th at o f th e Otto man s ap p ro ach ed its zen ith . Po lan d was n o w risin g h ig h . Its v ast territo ry ex ten d ed fro m th e Baltic to th e BlackSea. It was far mo re imp o rtan t th an Mu sco v y . In th e “Itin erary “ o f th at wid ely trav elled Elizab eth an , Fy n es Mo rriso n , we learn th at th e Tu rk sd read ed th e Po lish armies mo re th an th o se o f German y , Pag e x v o r o f an y o th er n atio n︔ th is was after th e Hu n g arian s h ad b eenco n q u ered . Th e sco u rg e o f th e Mo n g o l co n q u ests was terrib le b ey o n d b elief, soth at ev en wh ere a lan d was flo o d ed b u t fo r a mo men t, th e memo ry lo n g remain ed . It is n o t lo n g sin ce in certain ch u rch es in EasternEu ro p e th e litan y still co n tain ed th e p ray er, “Fro m th e fu ry o f th e Mo n g o ls, g o o d Lo rd d eliv er u s.“ Th e Mo n g o l armies d ev elo p ed acertain an t-lik e o r b ee-lik e p o wer o f jo in t actio n wh ich en ab led th em to win with o u t mu ch reg ard to th e p erso n ality o f th e lead er︔ a Fren chwriter h as well co n trasted th e g reat “an o n y mo u s v icto ries“ o f th e Mo n g o ls with th e p u rely p erso n al triu mp h s o f th at g rim Tu rk ishco n q u ero r wh o m we k n o w b est as Timo u r th e Tartar, o r Tamerlan e. Th e civ il ad min istratio n th e Mo n g o ls estab lish ed in a co n q u eredco u n try was b o rro wed fro m Ch in a, an d wh ere th ey settled as co n q u ero rs th e co n d u ct o f th e Ch in ese b u reau cracy mad d en ed th esu b ject p eo p les almo st as mu ch as th e wild an d lawless b ru tality o f th e Mo n g o l so ld iers th emselv es. Grad u ally th eir emp ire, after sp littin g u p ,p ast away an d left little d irect in flu en ce in an y co u n try︔ b u t it was at th e time so p ro d ig io u s a p h en o men o n , frau g h t with su ch v ast an d d irep o ssib ilities, th at a fu ll k n o wled g e o f th e h isto ry o f th e Mo n g o l p eo p le is imp erativ ely n ecessary to all wh o wo u ld u n d erstan d th ed