ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ .pdf

ALSO BYJ ACK WEATHERFORD Gen g h is Kh a n a n d th e Ma kin g o f th e Mo d ern Wo rld Th e Histo ry o f Mo n ey S a va g es a n d Civiliza tio n :Wh o Will Su rv iv e? Na tive Ro o ts: Ho w th e In d ian s En rich ed America In d ia n Givers: Ho w th e In d ian s o f th e Americas Tran sfo rmed th e Wo rld Trib es o n th e Hill: Th e Un ited States Co n g ress—Ritu als an d Realities May th e Go ld en Lig h t o f th e Etern al Blu e Sk y fo rev er b less th e mo th ers an d th e d au g h ters o f th e Great Mo n g o l Natio n CONTENTS Map o f th e Mo n g o l Emp ire (1 2 0 6 – 1 3 6 8 ) INTRODUCTIONTh e Missin g Ch ap ter PART ITig er Qu een s o f th e Silk Ro u te 1 2 0 6 – 1 2 4 1 1 It Tak es a Hero 2 Th e Gro wlin g Drag o n an d th e Dan cin g Peaco ck 3 Ou r Dau g h ters Are Ou r Sh ield s 4 Qu een s at War an d Co mmerce PART IITh e Sh attered Jad e Realm 1 2 4 2 – 1 4 7 0 5 War Ag ain st Wo men 6 Gran d d au g h ters o f Resistan ce 7 Th e Rab b it Demo n ’s Rev en g e 8 Dau g h ter o f th e Yello w Drag o n 9 Th e Fallin g Prin ce an d th e Risin g Qu een PART IIIWo lf Mo th er 1 4 7 0 – 1 5 0 9 1 0 Th e Wh ite Ro ad o f th e Warrio r Wid o w 1 1 Win n in g th e War an d Raisin g a Hu sb an d 1 2 Facin g th e Wall 1 3 Her Jad e Realm Resto red EPILOGUETh e Secrets o f Histo ry SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION The Missing Cha pter ON AN UNKNOWN DAY LATE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, an u n id en tified h an d clu msily cu t away p art o f th e tex t fro m th e mo st p o litically sen sitiv e sectio n o f Th e S ecret Histo ryo f th e Mo n g o ls. Th e cen so red p o rtio n reco rd ed wo rd s sp o k en b y Gen g h is Kh an in th e su mmer o f 1 2 0 6 at th e mo men t h e created th e Mo n g o l Emp irean d g av e sh ap e to th e g o v ern men t th at wo u ld d o min ate th e wo rld fo r th e n ex t 1 5 0 y ears. Th ro u g h o v ersig h t o r malice, th e cen so r left a sin g le sh o rtsen ten ce o f th e mu tilated tex t th at h in ted at wh at h ad b een remo v ed : “Let u s reward o u r female o ffsp rin g .” In th e p reced in g sectio n o f th e tex t, Gen g h is Kh an b esto wed o ffices,titles, territo ries, an d v assals u p o n h is so n s, b ro th ers, an d o th er men acco rd in g to th eir ab ility an d co n trib u tio n to h is rise to p o wer. Bu t at th emo men t wh ere th e tex t rep o rted th at h e tu rn ed to th e assemb ly to an n o u n ce th e ach iev emen ts an d reward s o f h is d au g h ters, th e u n k n o wn h an d stru ckh is wo rd s fro m th e reco rd . Th e cen so r, o r p o ssib ly a scrib e co p y in g th e n ewly altered tex t, wro te th e same sh o rt fin al sen ten ce twice. Perh ap s th eco p y ist was careless in rep eatin g it, o r p erh ap s th e cen so r d elib erately so u g h t to emp h asize wh at was missin g o r ev en to tau n t fu tu re g en eratio n swith th e my stery o f wh at h ad b een slash ed away . Mo re th an a mere h isto ry , th e d o cu men t k n o wn as Th e S ecret Histo ry o fth e Mo n g o ls reco rd ed th e wo rd s o f Gen g h is Kh an th ro u g h o u t h is life as h e fo u n d ed th e Mo n g o l n atio n , g av e h is p eo p le th eir b asic laws, o rg an ized th ead min istratio n , an d d eleg ated p o wers. It serv ed as th e b io g rap h y o f a trib e an d its lead er as well as th e n atio n al ch arter o r co n stitu tio n o f th e n atio nth at g rew in to a wo rld emp ire. On ly th e mo st imp o rtan t memb ers o f th e ro y al family h ad access to th e man u scrip t, an d th erefo re it acq u ired itsn ame. Th e S ecret Histo ry p ro v id es an u p -clo se an d p erso n al v iew o f th e p riv atelife o f a ru lin g family th at is u n lik e an y o th er d y n astic n arrativ e. Th e tex t reco rd s th e d etails o f co n v ersatio n s in b ed b etween h u sb an d an d wife; o fro u tin e family p ro b lems as well as arg u men ts o v er wh o h ad sex with wh o m; an d ex p ressio n s o f th e d eep est fears an d d esires o f a family wh o co u ld n o t h av e k n o wn th at th ey wo u ld b eco me imp o rtan t acto rs in wo rldh isto ry . Man y ep iso d es an d ch aracterizatio n s, p articu larly th o se reg ard in g Gen g h is Kh an ’s early life, are u n flatterin g . It was n o t written b ysy co p h an tic fo llo wers cu rry in g fav o r, b u t b y an an o n y mo u s v o ice d ed icated to p reserv in g th e tru e h isto ry o f o n e o f th e wo rld ’s mo st remark ab le menan d th e emp ire h e fo u n d ed . Th at d id n o t mean th at th e h isto ry was av ailab le to ju st an y o n e, h o wev er. Th e Mo n g o ls o p erated p o ssib ly th e mo st secretiv e g o v ern men t in h isto ry .Th ey p reserv ed few reco rd s, an d th o se were written in th e Mo n g o lian lan g u ag e, wh ich th eir co n q u ered su b jects were n o t allo wed to learn . Wh ileMo n g o l k h an s g av e away jewels an d treasu res with little ev id en ce o f co v eto u sn ess, th ey lo ck ed th eir d o cu men ts in sid e th e treasu ry an d k ep tth em clo sely g u ard ed . As Persian ch ro n icler Rash id al-Din wro te in th e th irteen th cen tu ry : “Fro m ag e to ag e, th ey h av e k ep t th eir tru e h isto ry inMo n g o lian ex p ressio n an d scrip t, u n o rg an ized an d d isarran g ed , ch ap ter b y ch ap ter, scattered in treasu ries, h id d en fro m th e g aze o f stran g ers an dsp ecialists, an d n o o n e was allo wed access to learn o f it.” Bo th th e secrecy o f th e reco rd s an d th e ap p aren t ch ao s in wh ich th ey were k ep t serv ed th ep u rp o ses o f th e ru lers. With su ch an u n o rg an ized h isto ry , th e p erso n wh o co n tro lled th e treasu ry o f d o cu men ts co u ld p ick an d ch o o se amo n g th ep ap ers an d h id e o r release p arts as serv ed so me p o litical ag en d a o f th e mo men t. If a lead er n eed ed to d iscred it a riv al o r fin d an ex cu se to p u n ishso meo n e, th ere was alway s so me p iece o f in crimin atin g ev id en ce th at co u ld b e p u lled fro m th e treasu ry . Fo llo win g th e ex amp le o f Gen g h is Kh an , th eearly Mo n g o l ru lers clearly reco g n ized th at k n o wled g e co n stitu ted th eir mo st p o ten t weap o n , an d co n tro llin g th e flo w o f in fo rmatio n serv ed as th eiro rg an izin g p rin cip le. Gen g h is Kh an sired fo u r self-in d u lg en t so n s wh o p ro v ed g o o d atd rin k in g , med io cre in fig h tin g , an d p o o r at ev ery th in g else; y et th eir n ames liv e o n d esp ite th e d amag e th ey d id to th eir fath er’s emp ire. Alth o u g hGen g h is Kh an reco g n ized th e su p erio r lead ersh ip ab ilities o f h is d au g h ters an d left th em strateg ically imp o rtan t p arts o f h is emp ire, to d ay we can n o tev en b e certain h o w man y d au g h ters h e h ad . In th eir lifetime th ey co u ld n o t b e ig n o red , b u t wh en th ey left th e scen e, h isto ry clo sed th e d o o r b eh in dth em an d let th e d u st o f cen tu ries co v er th eir track s. Th o se Mo n g o l q u een s were to o u n u su al, to o d ifficu lt to u n d erstan d o r ex p lain . It seemed mo reco n v en ien t ju st to erase th em. Aro u n d th e wo rld , th e in flu en tial d y n asties o f h isto ry ex h ib it a certain u n ifo rmity in th eir q u est fo r p o wer, an d th ey d istin g u ish th emselv es fro mo n e an o th er p rimarily th ro u g h p erso n al fo ib les, d ietary p referen ces, sex u al p ro cliv ities, sp iritu al callin g s, an d o th er stran g e twists o f ch aracter. Bu tn o n e fo llo wed a d estin y q u ite lik e th at o f th e female h eirs o f Gen g h is Kh an . As in ev ery d y n asty , so me ran k as h ero es, o th ers as v illain s, an d mo st asso me co mb in atio n o f th e two . Rash id al-Din wro te th at “th ere are man y sto ries ab o u t th ese d au g h ters.”Yet th o se sto ries d isap p eared . We may n ev er fin d d efin itiv e acco u n ts fo r all sev en o r eig h t o f Gen g h is Kh an ’s d au g h ters, b u t we can reassemb le th esto ries o f mo st o f th em. Th ro u g h th e g en eratio n s, h is female h eirs so metimes ru led , an d so metimes th ey co n tested th e ru le o f th eir b ro th ersan d male co u sin s. Nev er b efo re o r sin ce h av e wo men ex ercised so mu ch p o wer o v er so man y p eo p le an d ru led so mu ch territo ry fo r as lo n g as th esewo men d id . Referen ces to Gen g h is Kh an ’s d au g h ters h av e co me d o wn to u s in aju mb le o f n ames an d titles with a stu p efy in g array o f sp ellin g s, acco rd in g to h o w each so u n d ed to th e Ch in ese, Persian s, Armen ian s, Ru ssian s, Tu rk s, o rItalian s wh o wro te th eir sto ries. Each so u rce d iffers o n th e n u mb er o f d au g h ters. Th e S ecret Histo ry id en tifies eig h t so n s-in -law fo r Gen g h is Kh anan d h is wife Bo rte in th e p iv o tal y ear 1 2 0 6 , an d it fu rth er id en tifies each o f th em as a co mman d er o f a th o u san d tro o p s. Th e list o f so n s-in -law is lo n g erth an th e list o f d au g h ters, d u e in p art to mu ltip le marriag es an d also to th e effo rts o f mo re d istan t relativ es b y marriag e to raise th eir statu s an dap p aren t clo sen ess to Gen g h is Kh an in th e o fficial reco rd . Th ro u g h th e g en eratio n s, Mo n g o l ch ro n iclers an d sch o lars d ro p p ed th en ames o f Gen g h is Kh an ’s d au g h ters o n e b y o n e fro m th eir acco u n ts. By th e time o f th e Bu d d h ist ch ro n iclers o f th e sev en teen th cen tu ry , th e n u mb er o frememb ered d au g h ters h ad d win d led to o n ly o n e, an d th en ev en sh e d isap p eared in th e co n to rted ch ro n icles th at fo llo wed . Fo u r b ecame ru lin g q u een s o f th eir o wn co u n tries an d co mman d ed larg ereg imen ts o f so ld iers. At least o n e b ecame literate, b u t sev eral su p p o rted sch o lars, sch o o ls, an d th e p u b licatio n o f relig io u s an d ed u catio n al tex ts.So me h ad ch ild ren , wh ile o th ers d ied with o u t su rv iv in g d escen d an ts. Th e y o u n g est, o f wh o m Rash id al-Din wro te: “Gen g h is Kh an lo v ed th is o n emo re th an an y o f h is o th er d au g h ters,” was treach ero u sly assassin ated b y h er b ro th er so o n after th eir fath er’s d eath . At co u rt th ese n o b le wo men wo re elab o rate h ead d resses o f felt an d feath ers th at ro se mo re th an two feet ab o v e th eir ears so th ey wo u ld to wero v er ev ery o n e aro u n d th em an d “g iv e [th emselv es] a g reat lu ster wh en th ey are o n h o rseb ack .” Wh en th ey co u ld , th ey raised th eir ch ild ren in p eace, b u twh en it was n ecessary , th ey p u t o n th e h elmet o f war, to o k u p th e b o ws an d arro ws o f b attle, an d wen t fo rth to d efen d th eir n atio n an d th eir families.Th e ro y al Mo n g o l wo men raced h o rses, co mman d ed in war, p resid ed as ju d g es o v er crimin al cases, ru led v ast territo ries, an d so metimes wrestledmen in p u b lic sp o rtin g co mp etitio n s. Th ey arro g an tly rejected th e cu sto ms o f civ ilized wo men o f n eig h b o rin g cu ltu res, su ch as wearin g th e v eil,b in d in g th eir feet, o r h id in g in seclu sio n . So me accep ted th e h u sb an d s g iv en to th em, b u t o th ers ch o se th eir o wn h u sb an d s o r refu sed an y at all. Th eyliv ed b y th e ru les o f so ciety wh en p ru d en t, an d th ey mad e n ew ru les wh en n ecessary . With o u t Gen g h is Kh an ’s d au g h ters, th ere wo u ld h av e b een n o Mo n g o lEmp ire. Gen g h is Kh an reco g n ized early in h is career th at an emp ire as larg e as th e o n e h e was creatin g co u ld n o t b e man ag ed b y a sin g le ru ler alo n e. Tosu rv iv e it n eed ed d ifferen t cen ters o f p o wer th at fu lfilled co mp lemen tary ro les. No t ab le to rely u p o n h is so n s to g u ard th e emp ire h e was co n q u erin g ,h e in creasin g ly tu rn ed to h is d au g h ters, wh o ru led a strin g o f k in g d o ms alo n g th e Silk Ro u te fro m n o rth ern Ch in a th ro u g h Cen tral Asia. Yet almo st as so o n as Gen g h is Kh an d ied , th e d au g h ters came u n d erattack , first fro m th e wiv es o f th eir b ro th ers. Wh at started as a war o f p o werfu l wo men ag ain st o n e an o th er so o n d eg en erated in to simp ly a warag ain st wo men in p o wer. In th e n ex t g en eratio n , th eir n ep h ews, th e g ran d so n s o f Gen g h is Kh an , in ten sified th e attack o n th e sy stematic b alan ceo f p o wers left b y Gen g h is Kh an an d o n th e lin eag es o f h is d au g h ters. Th ro u g h mo st o f th e Mo n g o l imp erial era, fro m 1 2 0 6 u n til 1 3 6 8 , th ero y al wo men o f Gen g h is Kh an ’s Bo rijin clan mo u n ted a p ersisten t o p p o sitio n to th e cen tralized g o v ern men ts o f th eir male relativ es. No t o n lyd id th e wo men fig h t o u tsid e effo rts to claim th eir territo ries, b u t ev en after so me faced g ru eso me an d h o rren d o u s d eath s, th eir d au g h ters an dg ran d d au g h ters co n tin u ed th e stru g g le fo r th e h eritag e b esto wed u p o n th em b y Gen g h is Kh an . With th e o fficial ro le o f ro y al wo men co mp ro mised an d th en n earlyelimin ated , th e emp ire b u ck led , co llap sed , an d d ied . By 1 3 6 8 th e Mo n g o ls h ad lo st th eir lan d s, fled b ack to th eir step p e h o melan d in d isg race, an dresu med fig h tin g amo n g th emselv es with ev en mo re v icio u sn ess th an ev er. Th e b ick erin g , feu d in g , an d raid in g lasted fo r an o th er cen tu ry , u n til a n ewq u een u n ex p ected ly ap p eared aro u n d 1 4 7 0 . Qu een Man d u h ai th e Wise lifted u p th e Mo n g o l b an n ers th at h ad b een left tramp led in th e d u st. Sh eawak en ed th e fo rg o tten co n scio u sn ess o f th e Mo n g o ls. Sh e p u t th e Mo n g o l n atio n b ack in o rd er, created a n ew g o v ern men t, an d th en , lik e th e Mo n g o lq u een s b efo re h er, d isap p eared b ack in to th e fo g o f n eg lect. Wo rd s an d d o cu men ts can d imly reflect th e tru th , lik e sh ad o ws b y a n ig h tfire o r th e o u tlin e o f a mo u n tain th ro u g h th e mist, b u t alo n e th ey are to o small an d p rimitiv e to co n tain all o f it. Wh ile wo rd s may b e altered o rcen so red , th e tru th en d u res, ev en wh en n o t p ro p erly reco rd ed . Tru th can b e fo rg o tten , misp laced , o r lo st, b u t n ev er an n ih ilated . Th e h u man h an d mig h terase th e wo rd s, mu tilate th e man u scrip t, o r ch isel o ff a n ame, b u t th at o n ly alters memo ry . Su ch v an d alism tamp ers with th e ev id en ce with o u t alterin gth e facts. Cu ttin g p art o f a d o cu men t still leav es an o u tlin e o f wh at was remo v ed , a silh o u ette o f th e missin g p iece. On ce an ev en t h ap p en s, ev id en ce will remain in so me fo rm. Th e lan dalway s rememb er