ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ 11 ᠮᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠳᠦ , ︵ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠳᠤ︶ , ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ , ᠲᠦᠰᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠄ ᠢᠦᠢ ᠷᠦᠩ , ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯᠯᠡᠭᠡ , ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ︕ ᠮᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ︖ , ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ , ᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠴᠢᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ , ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠣᠨ , ᠲᠦᠰᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠄ , ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨᠳᠤᠩᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭ , ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ , ᠪᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ , ᠪᠤ ᠫᠡᠯᠵᠡᠢ , ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠨᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠯᠬᠤᠮ ⒊ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠪ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠯᠢᠭ ⒉ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠥᠭ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ , ᠲᠦᠰᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠄ ᠢᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ,,, ᠴᠣᠷᠪᠦ᠋ᠬᠤ ,, ᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭ ,,,,,, ᠠᠷᠭᠤᠮᠠᠭ , ᠲᠠᠪᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ,,,,,, ᠤᠤᠬᠠᠢ , ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ , ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ , ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ ,1᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠣᠣᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨᠲᠡ , ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ,2᠂ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ , ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠰᠤᠪᠤᠳ , ᠲᠦᠰᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠄ ᠢᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ , ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ ,1᠂ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠢᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤ᠃ 2᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠭᠡ᠃ 3᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠤ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠩᠭᠠᠵᠦ ᠠᠪ᠃ , ᠵᠦᠪ ᠪᠠᠷ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ , ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠭᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ , ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ,, ᠤᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ 1 ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠳᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠣ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠢᠷᠤ᠃ ⒉ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤ ᠣᠩᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠣ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ 3 ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠤ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠣᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ,, ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠶ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ , ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ,, ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠳᠠᠢ ᠪᠢ ,, ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ , ᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ , ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ , ᠤᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠤ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠶ᠎ᠡ ,1 ᠣᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠳᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠷᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠢᠷᠤ᠃ 2᠂ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠢᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠭ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ 19 ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤᠮᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ , ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ , ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠯᠭᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠪᠤᠷ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ 3 ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤᠮᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠮᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ,18 ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠬᠤ , ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠬᠤ ,,4,5, ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠬᠤ ᠮᠦᠷᠦ᠋ᠢᠴᠡᠬᠦ , ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠣᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ , ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠥᠶ᠎ᠡ ,, ᠤᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠄ 1 ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠳᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠣ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠢᠷᠤ᠃ ⒉ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤ ᠣᠩᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠣ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠦᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠤ ᠶ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ , ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ︽ᠵᠢᠮᠢᠰᠴᠢᠨ︾ , ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠥᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯᠯᠡᠭᠡ , ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠄ ⒈ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠠᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ⒉ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠵᠦᠪ ᠲᠤᠳᠤ᠂ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠤᠡᠭᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ⒊ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠮ᠂ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠦᠷ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ 20 ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ , ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠣᠯᠣᠰ\sᠠᠮᠢᠳᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠨ‌‍ᠨ , ᠳᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨᠨ‌‍ᠨ , ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ , ᠳᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ︵1809\s1882︶ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ᠃ 1931\s1936 ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠴᠠᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠣ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠠ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄    ,     ,,,,,,,1、2,3、4,5、6,7,,,材料,,固定后,,,,,,,,,,,     , ,    ,,