ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ 4000 ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠳᠠᠩ ᠦᠭᠡ （4） 4000.Essential.English.Words.4.pdf

4000 Essential English Words 4 4000 Essential English Words 4 Paul Nation © 2009 Compass Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.f Acquisitions Editor: Fidel Cruz Project Coordinator: Annie Cho Design: Design Plus *email: info@compasspub.com http://www.compasspub.com ISBN: 978-1-59966-405-7 10 98765432 12 11 Photo Credits All images © Shutterstock, Inc. except: p. 180 © iStock International Inc. 0 6 Unit Target Words 1 aroma, beverage, cluster, combine, condensed, contemporary, cultivate, divine, humid, odor, palate, paradise, plantation, rapid, rate, soothing, subtle, texture, toxic, vary 8 2 accident, admiral, arc, character, conscience, fiery, flesh, grapefruit, hay, horrified, kerosene, loop, paddle, raft, sour, stake, steward, string, thorn, wreck 14 3 admonish, audible, awesome, beware, brag, conscious, disagree, echo, eventual, hint, idiot, immense, indirect, option, pastime, perfect, pinpoint, switch, thorough, torment 20 4 beak, damp, disapprove, except, flight, fond, immoral, ivy, moan, oblivious, perish, pit, rim, roost, slippery, soar, trivial, typical, utterly, weep 26 5 awhile, cyberspace, edit, essay, evaluate, faint, global, gymnasium, highlight, ignorant, index, lecture, moral, operate, private, recent, resolution, semester, typewritten, weird 32 6 absolute, alas, attentive, cape, envision, evenly, folk, melt, patch, pleasure, pop, pudding, rail, recipe, role, shrink, soak, spark, spirit, suit 38 7 account, architect, conceal, crime, deed, gratitude, habitat, intervene, landmark, legal, memorable, oblige, offence, proclaim, rally, resolve, resource, sentence, volunteer, witness 44 8 access, conduct, constant, crack, device, enclose, grip, halt, impending, influence, law, mode, perspire, replace, snap, sly, tend, valid, version, whatsoever 50 9 alongside, appetite, assist, breeze, defy, display, efficient, feeble, forgive, lively, majestic, nor, outraged, pessimistic, rumor, slap, smash, subject, wage, whereas 56 10 animate, classify, concede, concept, construct, decade, diagram, ferry, handy, isolate, longing, numerous, particle, plea, refrain, review, sophisticated, surrender, upright, worthwhile 62 11 alliance, applause, armed, authoritative, ceremony, culture, defense, detail, diverse, enchant, equip, exception, genre, impact, lure, obstacle, shelter, sort, supply, vain 68 12 alternative, avenue, belly, bid, blow, conflict, continent, current, disrespect, enthusiasm, harsh, lean, meantime, mischief, muscle, rescue, succession, terrain, timid, violence 74 13 affect, autograph, bead, brew, charm, destiny, horn, irritable, lag, maximize, nightmare, nutritious, protein, signature, stuff, subconscious, van, warn, workout, zoom 80 14 brick, crumble, dough, express, fist, flexible, flush, injure, lump, mixture, reconcile, ruin, shatter, shutter, sift, slight, sparkle, sprinkle, stale, utter 86 15 although, apply, await, beloved, bury, climate, complain, confuse, due, entire, establish, furnace, leash, mature, measure, midst, misery, prior, research, variety 92 Unit Target Words 16 altogether, bind, bruise, custom, disobedient, foresee, glimpse, hoop, misfortune, negative, per, plead, rip, sake, scrape, source, stern, stitch, thump, vehement 98 17 civilization, convenient, den, dew, drastic, exit, flock, fold, lid, loom, mighty, mushroom, native, poison, reed, shield, stormy, sway, urban, wade 104 18 accent, barber, basement, blank, blink, choir, comic, complicate, decline, errand, glove, hermit, justly, leather, ponder, reserve, script, search, slam, staircase 110 19 afflicted, aisle , atmosphere, author, breakdown, cargo, chapter, connect, etc., flip, idle, notify, pea, raisin, retain, state, tray, unfortunate, vivid, vomit 116 20 betray, blast, bracelet, cease, choke, civil, comment, cross, dent, distrust, fort, found, lining, mass, pray, rife, sole, sweep, treachery, tuck 122 21 background, bait, chronicle, copper, disease, folklore, infect, itch, literature, millennium, myth, promote, relate, religion, sum, teller, trustworthy, update, vein, venom 128 22 charity, commerce, condemn, cozy, deplete, economy, empire, goods, heed, hitchhike, mock, neutral, persecute, pity, reduce, scribe, temper, throne, unity, victor 134 23 accurate, analyze, asteroid, controversy, evolve, factor, genetic, genome, identical, intellectual, majority, mammal, multiply, offspring, pesticide, regulate, reinforce, stricken, vast, vegetarian 140 24 cherish, compassion, consent, core, cunning, dizzy, equilibrium, foster, grind, growl, moderation, predator, sane, saucer, snatch, stagger, stumble, tense, tumble, withhold 146 25 aircraft, celebrity, concrete, decisive, esteemed, ethical, extinct, hardy, institute, jealousy, migrate, nurture, overhead principle, rural, secluded, species, swamp, traverse, zoology 152 26 assumption, barley, beast, colonel, contagious, corpse, crisis, cure, deformed, discriminate, embassy, extinguish, flint, harass, integrate, miniature, nutrition, promptly, technician, tropics 158 27 beneficial, birthplace, capacity, comparative, comprehensive, conserve, crucial, cumulative, deposit, distribute, equator, exotic, federal, formation, frequency, objective, oxygen, rainforest, strategy, wooded 164 28 avail, expand, define, dread, fundamental, horrifying, incredulous, linger, organism, paraphrase, plague, presently, random, riot, scribble, shrine, solitude, stark, summon, worsen 170 29 automobile, candidate, confidential, corporate, enhance, era, guideline, incorporate, interact, interval, mobile, modify, parallel, phenomenon, pollute, ridicule, solar, territory, tournament, transportation 176 30 bill, boundary, chaos, consistent, cyclone, doomed, heir, martial, organic, poultry, scramble, sergeant, sheer, stance, telegraph, textile, tornado, typhoon, wail, wardrobe 182 9 ■ T R f f h u , About the Vocabulary The 600 words in each book of this series along with the additional target words presented in the appendices included in the first three books of the series are the most useful words in English. They were found by analysis of a collection of English course books from various levels in the primary, secondary and tertiary school systems. The words included in this series were chosen because they occurred many times in different levels of these materials. Because of the way that they were chosen, these words have the following characteristics: 1 They are useful in both spoken and written English. No matter what English course you are studying, the words in these books will be of value to you. 1 2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word. This means that the effort in learning the words is well repaid by the number of times learners have a chance to encounter or use them. 3 These books as a whole cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or written text. They cover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academic texts, and at least 90% of the words in novels. They also cover at least 90% of the words in conversation. About the Books The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. The activities that follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings and forms of the words. Some activities also make the learners think about the meaning of the words in the context of a sentence—a sentence different from the sentences that occurred in the introduction of the words. Moreover, each unit ends with a story containing the target words. While reading the story, the learners have to recall the meanings of the words and suit them to the context of the story. Such activities help learners develop a better understanding of a common meaning for a given word which fits the different uses. Illustrations for each target word are provided to help learners visualize the word as it is being used in the example sentence. These word/image associations aim to help students grasp the meaning of the word as well as recall the word later. It should be noted that words have more than one grammatical category. However, this series focuses on the word’s most common form. This is mentioned to remind learners that just because a word is labeled and utilized as a noun in this series does not mean that it can never be used in another form such as an adjective. This series has simply focused on the word in the form that it is most likely to be expressed. Supporting Learning with Outside Activities A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning through input, learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The highly structured activities in these books support all four types of learning opportunities. In addition, learning can further be supported through the following activities: 1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the card and the translation of the word in the student’s first language on the other side. Students should use the cards for study in free moments during the day. Over several weeks, students will find that quick repeated studying for brief periods of time is more effective than studying for hours at one sitting. 2 Assign graded readers at students’ appropriate levels. Reading such books provides both enjoyment as well as meaning-focused input which will help the words stick in students’ memory. 3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight recognition and usage. Compass Publishing’s Reading for Speed and Fluency is a good resource for reading fluency material. 4 Include listening, speaking, and writing activities in classes. Reinforcement of the high-frequency vocabulary presented in this series is important across all the four language skills. Author Paul Nation Paul Nation is professor of Applied Linguistics in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has taught in Indonesia, Thailand, the United States, Finland, and japan. His specialist interests are language teaching methodology and vocabulary learning. aroma [arouma] n. An aroma is a scent or smell. -* I love the aroma of coffee in the morning. beverage [bevaridj] n. A beverage is a drink. — The waiter brought our beverages first. Then he brought our food. cluster [klAstar] n. A cluster of things is a small group of them placed close together. -+ She held a large cluster of grapes in her hand. combine [kambain] v. To combine is to join together to make a single thing or group. -»Mina combined peanut butter and jelly to make a sandwich. condensed [kandenst] adj. When a liquid is condensed, it is made thicker. -► One way to make a dessert thick and sweet is to use condensed milk. contemporary [kantempareri] adj. When something is contemporary, it is related to the present time. -+ Contemporary scientists have learned quite a bit about DNA. cultivate [kAltaveit] v. To cultivate plants is to care for them and help them grow. -»A research company is cultivating new kinds of rice to aid poor countries. divine [divain] adj. When something is divine, it is related to gods. -* Legends say that music was given to men as a divine gift from the gods. humid [/?ju:mid] adj. When it is humid, there is a lot of water in the air. -* It is very humid inside of a sauna. odor [oudar] n. An odor is a very distinct smell. -» He knew there was a leak when he noticed the strong odor of natural gas. palate [paelit] n. The palate is the top part of the mouth. - You can touch your palate with your tongue. c paradise [pseredais] n. Paradise is the place or condition of happiness where things are perfect. -* My vacation in Hawaii was like being in paradise. r plantation [plaenteijan] n. A plantation is a big farm that only grows certain kinds of crops. -* In the 1800s, there were many cotton plantations in the southern US. c rapid [raepid] adj. When something is rapid, it moves or changes very quickly. -♦ His mother was surprised by her son’s rapid growth. r rate [reit] n. A rate is the speed at which something happens. -♦ Grass tends to grow at a very slow rate. r soothing [su:flinl adj. When something is soothing, it makes you calm or relaxed. -* The soothing music helped the baby fall asleep. r subtle [sAtl] adj. When something is subtle, it is not easy to see or notice. -♦ The handsome man has a subtle smile. r texture [tekstj9:r] n. The texture of something is the way its surface looks and feels. The texture of a rock found in the water is typically very smooth. P tOXiC [taksik] adj. When something is toxic, it is poisonous. Toxic things are very dangerous. -» Please check the label to see if the product is toxic. r vary [veari] v. To vary means to be different from another thing in size or amount. -» The heights of the people in my class vary by a large amount. 9 Choose the word that is the better fit for each blank. 1. rapid / rate The population growth in the city was incredibly__________ . It is quite surprising that people settled there at such a fast__________ . 2. contemporary / vary Many___________laws make it illegal for business to compete in unfairways. However, the specific laws in different countries___________greatly. 3. humid/toxic Because it is quite___________on the island, various kinds of plants grow well there. However, some of these plants are__________ to humans. 4. texture / aroma The cheese has a smooth__________ . However, some people find it hard to eat because of its powerful__________ . 5. cluster / combined A___________of people suggested that nearby cities could fight the invaders if they cooperated with each other. As a result, everyone__________ their efforts and defeated the invaders. 6. soothing / subtle The artist uses___________differences of color in her landscapes. This has an overall calming and___________effect on the viewer. 7. cultivated / odor A huge garden was___________in the middle of the city. However, a species of rare plants gave off an unpleasant__________ . 1 8. beverage / palateDuring a four or five course meal, one should drink something to clean the __________ between courses. The perfect___________ for this is, of course, water. 9. condensed / divine . I can explain the basic story in a simple,___________way. A boy is given a __________ message, and he begins an exciting adventure. I 10. plantations / paradise The island of Oahu is not a natural like Maui. However, tourists still 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A soothing cup of tea _ The odor of the cheese. The pot’s texture____ The chemical is toxic______. The contemporary fiction class_____ The rate at which these flowers grew _ My mother cultivates_____ . The plantation had . Th