ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠣᠯᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠣᠨ ︵ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠡᠪᠳᠡ ᠷ᠊︶ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠢ ᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠨ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠴ᠊ ᠢᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠨ᠊ ᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠮᠢᠳ ᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭ ᠴᠢ ᠶ᠊ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪ᠊᠂

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠦ᠋ᠴᠢᠭ ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ︵ᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷ︶ ᠮᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠠ 1᠂ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠵ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦ ᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨ᠊ ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠵ ᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵ ᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠨ᠊ ᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ 2᠂ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠴᠣᠭᠴ ᠠ ᠡᠴ ᠡ ᠣᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠰᠠᠳᠬᠢ ᠨ᠊ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ 3᠂ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠮᠤᠷ ᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠳᠣ ᠯᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ︵ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ︶ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠣᠳᠽᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠴ ᠢᠶᠡᠯᠯᠡ ᠭᠴᠢ᠄ ᠴᠣᠯᠮ ᠤᠨᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ︵ᠪᠠᠶ ᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮ ᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠰᠤᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ︶ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶ ᠠᠯ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠤᠨᠤᠪᠴᠢᠳᠠᠢ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵ᠊ ᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠣᠢ ᠯᠠ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠪᠠᠲᠦᠮᠦ ᠢᠡᠭᠬᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠᠯᠲᠠ 1᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤ ᠨ᠊ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠰᠠᠢᠬ ᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡ ᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ 2᠂ ᠦᠭᠦ ᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶ᠊ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵ᠊ ᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠡᠳ ᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦ ‍ᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ 3᠂ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠯᠡᠯᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠣᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠭ ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢᠬᠡᠳ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠪᠠᠲᠦᠮᠦ ᠢᠡᠭᠬᠡ ᠨᠢᠬᠡ ᠳᠤᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠴᠢᠶ ᠡᠯᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠲ ᠦᠮᠦ᠋ᠡᠭᠬᠡ ︵195 1 20 17︶ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰ᠊ ᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨ᠊ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰ᠊ ᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢ ᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲ᠊ ᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷ ᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠯᠬᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠳ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠡᠮᠳᠡ ᠬ᠋᠊ ᠪᠤ ᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ︽ᠦᠳᠡ ᠰᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨ᠊ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠨ᠊︾ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ︵ᠬ᠊ ᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠯᠤᠳᠤᠨ︶ ᠨᠢ

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠳᠣᠯ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ︵ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠡᠪᠳᠠ ᠷ᠊︶ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠯᠳᠠ 1᠂ ᠰᠢᠳᠢᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲ᠊ ᠦᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶ ᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡ ᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠨ᠊ ᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠤ ᠨ᠊ ᠪᠠᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠵ ᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠭ ᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠣᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠥᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠳᠥᠴᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠢᠮᠠᠭ ﹇ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ﹈

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠡ ᠨ᠊ ᠠ ᠬ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠲ᠊ ᠦ ᠪᠡ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠦ ᠨ᠊ ᠦ ᠨ᠊ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠦ ᠷ᠊ ᠯ᠊ ᠢ ᠬ᠊ ᠲ᠊ ᠡ ᠭᠡ ᠷ᠊ ᠡ ᠬᠢ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠡ ᠨ᠊ ᠵ᠊ ᠣ ᠬᠢ ᠶ᠊ ᠠ ᠯ᠊ ᠤ ᠨ᠊ ᠬ᠊ ᠣ ᠣ ᠰ᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠠ ᠷ᠊ ᠠ ᠶ᠊ ᠢ ᠨ᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠡ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠬᠦ ᠯ᠊ ● ᠾ᠊ ᠦ ᠩ᠊ ᠮ᠊ ᠧ ᠢ ᠰ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠤ ᠬ᠊ ᠴ᠊ ᠢ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠤ ᠬ᠊ ᠴ᠊ ᠢ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠤ ᠬ᠊ ᠴ᠊ ᠢ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠤ ᠬ᠊ ᠴ᠊ ᠢ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠤ ᠬ᠊ ᠴ᠊ ᠢ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠰ᠊ ᠤ ᠷ᠊ ᠤ ᠬ᠊ ᠴ᠊ ᠢ ᠳ᠋᠊ ᠰ᠊

ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠄ 1 ︽︾ ︽︾ 2 3 ︵18981948︶ 1898 1903 ︽︾ 1916 1923 ︽︾ 1929 ︽︾ 1925 1928 ︽︾ 1931 1932 1937 1948 8 ︽︾ ︽︾ 1︕ 2 3︖ 4 5︖ 6︖ 1 | A 2 B C ① ② ③ 3 ① ② ③ ④ 4 ① ② ③ ④ 5 6 A B 1︖ 2︕ 3 | ︵︶ | |